Abstract
This work aimed to elucidate the distribution of Chrysoperla externa haplotypes and investigate whether it exhibits structure based on genetic composition as opposed to geographic location. The genetic diversity of C. externa, analyzed by AMOVA using the COI and 16S rRNA genes as mitochondrial markers, showed significant haplotype structure arising from genetic differences that was not associated with sampling location. This was reflected in the network grouping. Bayesian inference showed that haplotype distribution may have its origins in C. externa divergence into two distinct clades, which dispersed to various locations, and their subsequent diversification. The evolutionary history of C. externa may include multiple ancestral haplotypes differentiating within the same geographic area to generate the current broad genetic diversity, so that the earlier geographical history has been erased, and now we have highlighted its more recent genetic history.
Highlights
Green lacewings are insects of the Chrysopidae, a family of 1,413 species and subspecies distributed among 82 genera [1]
The goal of this study was to reveal the genetic structure of C. externa, combining, for the first time, data on all specimens analyzed for the COI gene in different locations and data of specimens from locations not previously analyzed, along with analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, to investigate whether populations of C. externa exhibits differentiation based on genetic composition or on the geographic source of the specimens
AMOVA was used to test the structure by locality, considering all populations as a single group
Summary
Green lacewings are insects of the Chrysopidae, a family of 1,413 species and subspecies distributed among 82 genera [1]. Chrysoperla Steinmann 1964 comprises 36 lacewing species, four of which are found in Brazil: Chrysoperla defreitasi Brooks 1994, Chrysoperla raimundoi Freitas & Penny 2001, Chrysoperla genanigra Freitas 2003, and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen 1861). Studies of the biology of C. externa and its use as a biological control agent have been published since the 1970s [3]. The genetic variation and degree of population structure of C. externa began to be studied only in 2007, culminating in publication of a study conducted in different agrosystems and seasons using mitochondrial DNA as a molecular marker in specimens from Jaboticabal, São Paulo (SP), Brazil [4].
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