Abstract
In the present overview, we describe the bases of intercalation of small molecules (cationic and polar neutral compounds) in DNA. We briefly describe the importance of DNA structure and principles of intercalation. Selected syntheses, possibilities and applications are shown to exemplify the importance, drawbacks and challenges in this pertinent, new, and exciting research area. Additionally, some clinical applications (molecular processes, cancer therapy and others) and trends are described.
Highlights
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life
Its sequence defines many features ranging from organism type through physical traits to disease susceptibility. As it is nowadays well-established, the DNA sequence is copied onto RNA biomolecules, which are used in protein synthesis to encode a specific protein sequence
The understanding of the principles that rule this new and exciting field of research is of great importance [14] for the rational design, synthesis and applications of new DNA intercalators
Summary
DNA is a nucleic acid (biomolecule) that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and many viruses). [8], diagnosis of drug resistance [9], food and agricultural analysis [10], environmental control [11], and bioterrorism prevention [12], among others [13] In this sense, the understanding of the principles that rule this new and exciting field of research is of great importance [14] for the rational design, synthesis and applications of new DNA intercalators. One of the main characteristics of a photointercalator to be used in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays (qRT-PCR) is that it must not affect the DNA-polymerase thermostable enzyme activity Likewise, techniques such as PCR require probes with sufficient sensitivity to detect very small amounts of samples quantitatively [6] and, in some cases, selectivity must be adequate to identify a specific PN sequence [19]. We intend to describe the basis of DNA photointercalator technology, recent developments in the molecular architecture and rational design of small organic (and/or organometallic) photointercalator probes, their synthesis, applications and possibilities to be applied, and perspectives of research in the field of photointercalators
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