Recent advances in membrane technologies for disinfection by-product control: Hybrid systems, challenges, and future perspectives

With the advancement of technology, power demand is increasing day-by-day. Energy deficiency problem and increasing petroleum/diesel cost have resulted in severe impacts to many technical facts. Introduction of non-conventional energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic energy, which is clean and copiously present in nature, can be possible solutions to these problems. This chapter presents optimization of a Hybrid power system, with one of swarm intelligent algorithms named as particle swarm optimization (PSO). The hybrid system uses PID controllers for controlling its output. It has been done by studying various combinations of diesel engine generator, wind turbine generator, aqua electrolyzer, fuel cell, and battery. With the optimized system parameters, high-quality power supply can be delivered to the load and the frequency fluctuations can also be minimized.

The exploitation of well-honed techniques and the exploration of new challenges need not be mutually exclusive strategies for research. This maxim is illustrated by an emerging technology in control: hybrid dynamical systems. These systems combine, within a unified framework and formulation, discrete-event systems (for more on these systems, see Chapter 2) and continuous-time dynamics. Hybrid systems represent a broadening of the scope of control, with infusions of ideas and theories from other fields, especially formal methods in computer science. This chapter discusses hybrid systems in some depth, with particular emphasis on supervisory applications. In this case, the discrete events are viewed as supervisory decisions affecting the qualitative behavior of a system, with different ?>modes ?> of behavior exhibiting different continuous dynamics. An example of a two-arm robotic platform is used to motivate the technical discussion, and other applications are also noted. Other chapters in this volume also outline applications of hybrid dynamical systems (e.g., Chapter 14). Variable structure control, the topic of Chapter 8, can also be considered a hybrid system approach to control. This chapter introduces and explains several new concepts, borrowed in some cases from computer science, that are important for the analysis and synthesis of supervisory hybrid systems. Hybrid automata, an extension of finite state machines, are a popular representational formalism. Together with temporal logics, which can be used to formulate specifications for hybrid control systems, these representations allow the safety and performance of the system to be automatically determined, under some assumptions.

Small-scale renewable energy systems are becoming increasingly popular due to soaring fuel prices and technological advancements that reduce the cost of manufacturing. Solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) are the most common renewable sources used now. It is well known that these renewable energy sources are intermittent in nature, which impose a challenging to integrate them into the power grid. This paper aims to examine the dynamic behavior of the hybrid PV-WT model under different operating conditions, and the impact of the hybrid PV-WT on the system stability when a fault applied at a point of common coupling (PCC). In this paper, a model of grid connected PV/WT hybrid system is presented. It consists of PV, WT, induction generator, controller and converters. The model is implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Perturb and Observe (P & O) algorithm is used for maximizing the output power from PV array. The fixed speed wind turbine with induction generator is used. This paper shows a good dynamic performance of hybrid PV-WT under different operating conditions. This system has minor impacts on power quality. The transient stability of this system is affected by hybrid PV-WT. The fault clearing time is improved with renewable sources, and become less critical than the system without renewable ones.

The integration of two or more processes in a hybrid system is one of the most desirable options to provide flexibility, interoperability and data sharing between the connected processes. Various examples of hybrid systems have been developed with seawater desalination systems such as the combination of thermal and membrane technologies. This paper focuses on the simulation and optimisation of an integrated (hybrid) system of multi effect distillation and double Reverse Osmosis (RO) processes to produce different grades of water needed in a smart city from seawater resources. The optimisation-based model investigates five scenarios to obtain the highest productivity of drinking water, irrigation water, livestock water and power plant water at the lowest specific energy consumption and with the product water salinities within the required standards. For this purpose, multi objective optimisation problem was formulated using the gPROMS (general Process Modelling System) software. The results confirm the superiority of the developed hybrid system to sustain different grades of water in a smart city.

Natural gas has two faces. On one side, it is an important part of the energy-transformation toolkit. On the other side, it is a potent greenhouse gas. Technology can bring the two sides together. The three papers selected for this Tech Focus feature describe technologies that can make natural gas safer to move and store. The first paper, OTC 30655, describes an effort to eliminate flaring during offloading from a floating liquefied natural gas facility (FLNG) and an LNG carrier. Managing the balance of fuel gas and boiled-off gas between the FLNG and the carrier is vital to maintaining equilibrium and eliminating flaring. The paper looks at carriers with spherical tanks and presents a process study to identify potential causes of flaring during offtake and corrections that could eliminate it without capital modifications. The second paper, OTC 30871, considers the benefits of barges over ship-type LNG carriers. Ship-type LNG carriers are designed to operate offshore over fields, which does not necessarily provide optimal opportunity for monetization. The paper argues that near-shore barges holding liquefaction facilities linked to the rest of the system elsewhere could be a more-viable gas-monetization concept. The third paper, SPE 204787, describes a characterization and monitoring approach for underground gas storage. The approach involves close integration of subsurface understanding with the optimization of surface facilities. It also addresses sustainable operations through an asset-integrity-management plan. To learn more about the advancement of technology in the natural gas space, check out the suggested additional reading and visit the OnePetro online library. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. IPTC 19783 - Hybrid System—An Emerging Solution to Sour Gas Treatment by Siddharth Parekh, Schlumberger SPE 202984 - Sour Gas Has a Sweeter Future—Bulk H2S Removal Using Polymeric Cellulose Triacetate-Based Membranes by Pinkesh Sanghani, Schlumberger, et al. SPE 208134 - Inventory Verification in Underground Gas Storage Rebuilt From Depleted Gas Reservoir: A Case Study From China by Lina Song, PetroChina, et al. SPE 207956 - Unconventional Waste and Flare Gas Recovery System in New Circular Economy by Mohamed Ahmed Soliman, Saudi Aramco, et al.

Resources, configurations, and soft computing techniques for power management and control of PV/wind hybrid system

A Structured Holistic Approach to Control and Information Technology Applications

The dynamic behaviour and simulation results of a stand – alone hybrid power generation system comprising of a wind turbine, solar array and battery storage are presented in this Paper. The objective of this study is to review the state of the simulation, optimization and control technologies of the stand-alone hybrid solar–wind energy system with the inclusion of battery storage. The hybrid system used for the simulation consisted of a 100W wind turbine, 150W solar array and a 70Ah lead acid battery. A Fuzzy Logic Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) controller was applied to the variable–speed, fixed–pitch small scale wind turbine while maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method based on Perturb & Observation (P&O) searching algorithm was applied to the stand–alone solar photovoltaic system. MATLAB SimulinkTM 7.2 / Simpower system software environment was utilized to accomplish and simulate individual wind and PV dynamic models of the hybrid system. The public domain software, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) produced by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory was used to optimize the hybrid system with data taken from a feasibility study together with meteorological data obtained from a selected area in Sri Lanka ENGINEER, Vol. 48, No.04, pp. 1-15, 2015

Performance analysis and structure optimization for concentrated photovoltaic-phase change material-thermoelectric system in space conditions

Impact of Advanced Technology Use on Firm Performance in the Canadian Food Processing Sector

: This volume contains the proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, HSCC'98, organized April 13-15, 1998, at the University of California, Berkeley. The focus of the workshop is on mathematical methods for the rigorous and systematic design and analysis of hybrid systems. A hybrid system consists of digital devices that interact with analog environments. Driven by rapid advances in digital controller technology, hybrid systems are objects of investigation of increasing relevance and importance. The emerging area of hybrid systems research lies at the crossroads of computer science and control theory computer science contributes expertise on the digital aspects of a hybrid system, and control theory contributes expertise on the analog aspects. Since both research communities speak largely different languages, and employ largely different methods, a major purpose of the workshop is to bring together researchers from both disciplines. The workshop will also include demonstrations of software tools for the design, analysis, and simulation of hybrid systems.

Management of Endoscopic Images and Advances in Optical Disk Technology

Water pollution control and revitalization using advanced technologies: Uncovering artificial intelligence options towards environmental health protection, sustainability and water security

representatives, decision-makers, the public, and end-users to share the most recent development and innovations in advanced solar utilization and control technologies as well as other related sectors promoting interdisciplinarity. The Research Topic consists of four highly diverse contributions, which we briefly summarize below. (VINC) method with the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm and conducted simulations and experimental comparisons. The tracking efficiencies for static shadow, simulated dynamic shadow, and experimental static and dynamic shadow tracking were 99.80%, 98.82%, 99.43%, and 98.51% respectively. The tracking times for simulations and experiments were 46.49% and 89.34% faster compared to the GWO and VINC techniques. The research findings indicate that this method, as compared to the GWO and VINC methods, has fewer algorithm parameters, a simpler computational process, lower complexity, reduced hardware requirements, and better practical implementation performance, significantly improving tracking speed and efficiency. In regions of China characterized by hot summers and cold winters, many buildings do not utilize centralized heating but rely on electrical equipment such as air conditioners, which have high energy consumption and low efficiency. To explore the relationship between building energy consumption, the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) of air conditioners, and the area of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) panels, Xie et al. first used energy analysis software to examine the impact of different Air Conditioner Energy Efficiency Ratios (EER) and photovoltaic area on building energy consumption. Subsequently, they proposed a comprehensive building energy consumption evaluation method that takes into account carbon taxes, optimizing both environmental and economic performance. Finally, they proposed the optimal combination of renewable energy sources and parameters for efficient equipment setup. Zhang et al. proposed an improved dynamic thermal design model for estimating the building environment and energy consumption of passive buildings in high-altitude regions. Test validations indicate that the accuracy level of on-site measurements is acceptable for engineering applications with a relative coefficient of variation below 30%. Factors such as window-to-wall ratio, building orientation, and insulation coefficient significantly influence the solar heat gain in high-altitude buildings. This study provides important guidance for energy-efficient building design in high-altitude plateau areas.The application of advanced solar utilization and control technologies in buildings provides crucial support for sustainable development. By harnessing solar photovoltaic systems and thermal systems, buildings can reduce reliance on traditional energy sources, decrease energy consumption, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, advanced control technologies such as smart lighting systems, intelligent windows, and smart temperature control systems can optimize energy usage, enhance building comfort, and lower operational costs. The implementation of these technologies also facilitates buildings to achieve net-zero energy or positive energy balance, thereby driving the construction industry towards a more sustainable trajectory. However, to achieve optimal results, it is essential to consider factors such as architectural design, material selection, and system integration, while continuously innovating and improving technologies to meet evolving needs and challenges. In the future, building infrastructure must encompass electricity, heating, and cooling supply, necessitating exploration of innovative solar utilization and control technologies to meet diverse energy requirements within buildings. Additionally, there remain various constraints hindering the integrated development of solar architecture, warranting further exploration of its impact on architectural aesthetics, structural safety, and indoor thermal environment.

This paper presents an overview of the recent highlights and accomplishments, for fiscal years (FYs) 2011- 2012, by the hybrid and electric systems (HES) R&D Team at the Vehicle Technologies Program (VTP) Office of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Office. There is significant U.S. commitment to HES R&D and additional responsibilities were assigned under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009, an economic stimulus package from the 111th United States Congress. DOE has supported the development of HES technologies, including advanced automotive energy storage technologies, power electronics and electric machines, and simulation and testing tools, over the long term. This support has involved leveraging resources and expertise from automobile manufacturers, battery, motor, and electronics developers, small businesses, national laboratories, and universities to address the technical barriers which prevent the market introduction of vehicles which would use those advanced technologies. The HES R&D Team has had many significant accomplishments and continues to advance the state of the art for many technologies. This paper provides a discussion of the most recent highlights and a description of R&D coordination efforts with other government agencies in associated areas.