Reasons behind Reasons: A Communitarian Reading of Women’s Radicalization and Family Bombings in Southeast Asia

Our knowledge on how the local distribution pattern of ordinary and novel hosts promotes or hinders the progress of adaptation to the novel hosts by phytophagous insects is limited. The herbivorous ladybird beetle Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) depends mainly on solanaceous plants as hosts; the major wild host of this beetle species in Java, Indonesia, is Solanum torvum. However, in several regions of Southeast Asia, including Java, H. vigintioctopunctata also occurs on the introduced fabaceous weed, Centrosema molle. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the use of C. molle by beetles became frequent in the very early 2000s in East Java. In the present study, based on laboratory and field data obtained from 2003 to 2005, we evaluated the degree of adaptation to C. molle by H. vigintioctopunctata populations from East Java and documented the geographic pattern of host‐plant distribution in East Java. Laboratory experiments revealed that the beetles from East Java possessed the highest degree of adaptation to C. molle among the beetle populations thus far investigated, suggesting that the adaptation to C. molle by beetles proceeded quite rapidly in East Java in the early 2000s. Meanwhile, field surveys showed that the habitats in East Java consisted of mosaics with sites where only C. molle was distributed and sites where C. molle and solanaceous plants co‐occurred. We discussed the role of such geographical structure of habitats in promoting the rapid adaptation of H. vigintioctopunctata to C. molle in East Java.

This chapter investigates non-areal contact between Malayo-Polynesian languages from Southeast Asia and Madagascar (MPSEA) and languages from other families found in four regions: South Asia, West Asia, East Asia, and Europe. It considers lexical borrowing, typological convergence, and influence through language planning policies. Malay was the main vector through which South Asian and West Asian loanwords entered other MPSEA languages. In the opposite direction, Malay also lent the largest number of borrowings to non-Austronesian languages, comprising both inherited and borrowed words. In general, lexical influence from MPSEA languages on the languages of South Asia, West Asia, East Asia, and Europe chiefly pertained to regionally specific products, concepts, and inventions. Meanwhile, prestigious languages such as Sanskrit and Arabic were responsible for the introduction of several abstract concepts into Malay and Javanese, whereas the Philippine languages have mostly drawn from Spanish and English for this purpose, Tetun from Portuguese, and Malagasy from French and English. These source languages continue to inspire language users, particularly in the realm of post-independence language engineering.

Reviewed by: Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast East Asian Past ed. by Geoff Wade and Li Tana Cheah Boon Kheng Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast East Asian Past Geoff Wade and Li Tana (EDS) Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 2012. 400 pp. ISBN 978-9814-31-196-0 (paperback) This Festschrift presented by some of his colleagues and students is a fitting tribute to the outstanding contributions of Anthony J. S. Reid (better known to friends and family as Tony Reid) to the field of Southeast Asian history. In his writing and research, Tony Reid applied his liberal values, creativity and insights into reworking methodologies and models on Indonesia and Southeast Asia's past.His research interests began on 19th-century Aceh, then shifted to the period of the Indonesian Revolution (1945-6), and finally to Southeast Asia in the pre-colonial period. In his first book, based on his doctoral thesis presented at the University of Cambridge (The Contest for Northern Sumatra: Atjeh, the Netherlands and Britain, 1858-1898), following the autonomous approach to Southeast Asian history of J. C. van Leur and John Smail, he showed how Aceh achieved a distinct political identity despite falling under Dutch rule. He then went on to explore how revolution eliminated ancien regimes in Aceh and Northern Sumatra (The Blood of the People: Revolution and the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra), and focused his attention on slavery and bondage, on the origins of poverty in Southeast Asia, and on a 'new paradigm', according to the editors of this volume (Geoff Wade and Li Tana), in 'extending the scope of Southeast Asian history beyond the confines of palaces and kratons to the lives of the farmer and the petty trader and for bringing a regional coherence to the previously disparate and dispersed studies of early modern Southeast Asia'. One of the contributors, Robert Cribb, assesses Tony Reid's achievements and contributions in his highly acclaimed major work, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680, which was published in two volumes, in 1988 and 1998. In adapting French historian Fernand Braudel's model of the Mediterranean region to maritime Southeast Asia with an interesting past and rich in commercial, cultural [End Page 122] and social interaction, Reid unfolded its vibrancy, similarities and diversity. According to Cribb, he revealed that Southeast Asia's genius lay in its eclectic recruitment of outside ideas and people to enrich the region culturally and materially, but 'on terms decided by Southeast Asians themselves'. His second contribution was his controversial assertion that Southeast Asian women enjoyed a relatively high social standing as well as individual freedom and access to political and economic power in early Southeast Asia. Reid's third contribution was that Southeast Asians had developed a genius for managing without powerful states, an issue also studied by American scholar James C. Scott in his recent work. Now aged 73, Tony Reid is currently Emeritus Professor at the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, and the recipient of several honours and awards from the global academic community. His first teaching position at the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur was from 1965 to 1969, before leaving to take up the post of Senior Research Fellow at the Research School of Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies at ANU, where he was appointed Professor of Southeast Asian History in 1989. Later he went on to become foundation professor of two other centres of Southeast Asian studies—University of California in Los Angeles and the National University of Singapore. The essays in this volume by the foremost historians on Southeast Asia are closely related to Tony Reid's academic interests. Victor Lieberman's essay, inspired by Reid's model of Southeast Asia as a 'coherent region', looks at 'synchronized parallels' and 'cycles' of consolidation, collapse and revivals between Europe and the region in the period 800-1800. Bold enough to admit that he is making 'large claims', Lieberman invites scholars to debate them. In another comparative essay, Wang Gungwu views the region historically as only partially comparable to the Braudellian Mediterranean syndrome of war and division. However, he regards it as...

ABSTRACTBackground: The south-east Asia region had contributed the highest cases of diphtheria in the worldwide, and Indonesia had the second highest insidence of diphtheria in the worldwide after India. In East Java, there were 348 diphtheria cases had been reported with case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.72. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the influence of immunization and population density on the prevalence of diphtheria in East Java Province in 2016. Methods: The design of this observational study was cross-sectional. The population of this study was all patients diagnosed with diphtheria from 29 districts in 9 cities of East Java. Data were obtained from the health profile of East Java in 2016. The independent variables were complete primary immunization and population density, while the dependent variable was the prevalence of diphtheria. Data were analyzed through multiple linear regression. Results: The prevalence of diphtheria in East Java was low or 8.91 per 1000,000 in 2016. Two factors determined the prevalence of diphtheria, namely complete primary immunization and population density (p=0.01). Conclusion: Both complete primary immunization and population density had a significant influence on the prevalence of diphtheria.Keywords: diphtheria; immunization; east java; population density

Iwanami History's most remarkable contribution to Southeast Asian historiography is the new framework of periodization. Instead of using a single index, it tries to see change in broader terms. As a key concept it presents “historical circles” or “historical spheres, ” which would be formed through interaction between various factors such as natural environment, life culture, loose commercial networks, exemplary cultural complexes and central polities. Though we need to do more verification of this quite new and valuable index of periodization, we should keep these criteria in mind and see the changes in each field of study.Vol. 1 (Yamamoto Tatsuro (ed.), The Proto-history of the Southeast Asian World, Iwanami Shoten, 2001, xv+337p.) presents a compilation of knowledge of archaeological and historical studies on the Southeast Asia up to the 10th century. Amazingly, the discussion covers the whole region of Southeast Asia including Yunnan, and each specialist presents well arranged discussions on such important issues as subsistence, state formation, trade and relations with China and India. It is particularly successful in addressing the relationship between trade networks and the formation of the regional polities.As well known, while written sources related to the pre-modern ages of this area are limited, the archaeology provides new data and is increasing its explanatory role. This volume is one of the best trials to connect studies from both archaeological and documentary sources. However, because of difference of the methodologies and concepts, there are still inconsistencies and unsuitable citations concerning the mutually interesting matters. What is really needed is a balanced dialogue between archaeologists and historians to coordinate concepts and terminology for more effective interdisciplinary studies.Vol. 2 (Ishizawa Yoshiaki (ed.), The Rise and Development of Ancient Southeast Asian States, Iwanami Shoten, 2001, xii+316p.) deals with the various aspects of change from the 9/10th through the 14/15th century. It challenges the “13th century crisis” theory and tries to view the change occurring in the 14th century. Among those changes it is noteworthy to observe the emergence of new social classes, such as a peasantry in North Vietnam and athi in Burma. In the cultural sphere, there arose popular Tantric-Mahayana Buddhism in various areas. In contrast to such changes, there existed continuity from 13th century oil. For example, we are shown that there were no drastic changes, like the “Thai Century” in Mainland Southeast Asia and we can still see the flourishing of the “Indian Empire” and Indian culture in East Java. Whether those new facts can be applied to the whole region is still in question, but it is obvious that we need do more research on 14th century Southeast Asia.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the pharmaceutical industry, one of the most actively developing sectors of the world economy, in the region of "new development" — Southeast Asia. It was found that at the present in the countries located in the region under consideration, there is a gradual shift away from the purely production stages of drug manufacturing in favour of an intersectoral pharmaceutical complex. There is a functional diversification of the pharmaceutical industry with deepening corporate specialization. However, a pronounced specialization in the production of a particular type of product is characteristic only for countries with high and medium levels of development of the pharmaceutical industry — Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. There is a gradual transformation of the territorial structure from monocentric — with a growth pole in the form of Singapore, to polycentric due to the growing contribution of Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. A distinctive feature of the pharmaceutical industry in Southeast Asia is the enclave type of development of its territorial structure at the country level. A significant part of production facilities and research laboratories is concentrated in one (capital), less often in two centres (the case of Indonesia — West and East Java and Vietnam with industrial cores in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City).

Economic development is one of the essential pillars for the attainment of people’s wellbeing. Indonesia is one of the largest migrant worker contributors in southeast Asia, where East Java is its biggest supplier. However, the high number of migrant workers and the improving economic condition in the province are followed by the increasing number of divorce cases, which are interesting to study further. It has been widely believed that the driver for people to become migrant workers is the hope of having better economic opportunities. In fact, following the attainment, they have problems with their marriage, which lead to divorce. The objective of his research is to identify the effect of emigration and socio-demographic condition on divorce rate and economic level in East Java. The multiple linear regression and probit model analyses have led to findings that emigration positively and significantly affect divorce cases in East Java, that emigration does not significantly influence the economic status of the migrant workers, that divorce does not influence the economic gains of the workers in the short run, and that migrant workers who are older, male, and better in education have a significant influence on the income increase of migrant workers in East Java.

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre is a fast-growing, leguminous and multipurpose tree species. It grows on degraded and marginal land in South and Southeast Asia. It produces nonedible seeds the oil of which is a potential biofuel. In Indonesia, Pongamia is widely found on all islands but mostly to the west of the Wallace line, such as Banten, East Java, South Sumatra, and West Java provinces. The economic feasibility of Pongamia depends on the number of seed per tree and the oil content of the seed. Studies on Pongamia oil in Indonesia revealed that trees grown in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten Province, produce seed with a higher oil content (i.e., 15.59 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">%</sup> ) than those in the provinces of East and West Java using simple mechanical expeller press. In this study the oil content of 48 individual trees, from Ujung Kulon National Park, were analyzed using a solvent extraction method. As a control, bulk seed was extracted using two different methods: 1) fabricant mechanical screw expeller press and 2) solvent extraction. The results show highly significant or great variation in the oil content of the trees. Oil production of individual trees processed using the solvent extraction method reached 44% (varies from 26.61% to 44.68 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">%</sup> ) than those by mechanical pressing method with bulk seed was only 15 to 19%. The findings show that genetic factors, extraction machines and the method of extraction could all influence the production of Pongamia oil. The quality and genetic diversity of seed source is also very important on industrial plantation forest program for bioenergy and land restoration in Indonesia.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly contagious in cloven-hoofed animals, and it causes outbreaks in Indonesia and several countries worldwide. This disease is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), which belongs to the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae. In 1990, the World Organization for Animal Health Office International des Epizooties recognized Indonesia as an FMD-free country. A new FMDV outbreak in Indonesia was reported in April 2022 and confirmed in May 2022, resulting in economic losses to the beef cattle sector. This study aimed to determine the genotype and amino acid content of viral proteins (VP1) gene. Samples were obtained from vesicle swabs from the mouth and feet of cattle in Banyuwangi Regency, Lamongan Regency, and Surabaya City, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were identified using one-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with a pair of specific primers encoding the VP1O serotype with a target of 1165 bp. Sequencing revealed that the FMDV subtype belonged to the O/ME-SA/Ind2001e. Phylogenetic analysis showed that our isolate was 100% amino acid-identical to the Indonesian outbreak isolates from 2022 and 95% identical to isolates from Southeast Asia. The amino acid substitutions found in the G-H Loop of the VP1were S134C, D138E, T140A, and A156T. Only the K135Q mutation was detected in Lamongan. The spread of the subtype O/ME-SA/Ind2001e in South-east Asia caused an outbreak in Indonesia due to less stringent animal traffic control measures. Surveillance studies and whole-genome sequence analyses are important for monitoring FMDV genetics in Indonesia.

In Southeast Asia, Oligocene climate is well known to be represented by dry/ seasonal climate. However, it was reported possible appearance of wet climate period during the expantion of dry condition. This work is aimed to confi rm the Oligocene climate which occurred in western Indonesia. Climate change is useful to understand the Oligocene stratigraphy of Western Indonesia. This study uses cutting samples from off shore exploration wells situated in West and East Java and West Natuna as well as on-shore Central Sumatera and West Java. Samples are processed using standard preparation methods to produce suitable pollen assemblage for quantitative analysis.This study proves that the Oligocene sediments yield rich pollen assemblages including those of environment and climate indicators. Abundant fresh water algae of Pediastrum and Bosedinia in Early Oligocene indicates the appearance of lacustrine sediments. This sediment was formed under dry/ seasonal climate as marked by rich grass pollen Monoporites annulatus in the absence or rare occurance of rain forest elements. Mean while, Late Oligocene is characterised by common brackish elements to indicate shifting paleoenvironment into transition to shallow marine. The climate was changing into wetter condition as evidenced by high appearance of Dacrydium and Casuarina as well as other rain forest palynomorphs. The wettest climate probably occured in Java region which refl ected a wet climate fringe to the eastern margin of Sundaland prior to the collision of the Australian and Asian Plates at the Oligo-Miocene boundary. However, in general, dry/ seasonal climate is the rule for most of the Oligocene in Western Indonesia.

Background: Indonesia ranks 37 of the countries in the world with the highest rate of early marriage. Early marriage in Indonesia occurs more frequently in rural areas. Studies have shown, West Sulawesi experiences the highest rates of child marriage before the age of 15, where the practice is a deeply entrenched cultural tradition. The center for Gender and Sexuality Studies, University of Indonesia reported in 2015 that Indonesia rank the second highest rate of early marriage in South East Asia. Approximately 2 millions (7.3%) girls aged under 15 years old have been married and dropped out of school. This number is expected to become 3 million married girls in 2030. This study aimed to determine the effect of socioeconomic and cultural factors on early marriage in Ngawi, East Java. Subjects and Method: This was a case control study conducted in Ngawi, East Java. A sample of 75 women of reproductive age who got married before 20 years old and 75 women of reproductive age who got married had 20-30 years of age. The dependent variable was early marriage. The independent variables were paternal education level, maternal education level, family income, family belief, culture, and peer group. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis model. Results: The incidence of early marriage increased by favorable family belief (b= 1.47; 95% CI= 0.44 to 2.50; p= 0.005) and favorable culture (b= 1.56; 95% CI= 0.54 to 2.58; p= 0.003), but decreased by high family income (b= -2.20; 95% CI= -3.18 to -1.21; p<0.001), and positive peer group (b=-2.51; 95% CI= -3.58 to -1.44; p<0.001). The incidence of early marriage was indirectly affected by paternal education and maternal education. Conclusion: The incidence of early marriage is directly affected by family belief, culture, positive peers, and family income. The incidence of early marriage is indirectly affected by paternal education and maternal education. Keywords: early marriage, family belief, culture, peers, family income, parental education

Wayang Panji is a puppet based on Panji stories that developed in Southeast Asia. The story of Panji in the art of wayang is found in Malang mask puppet art, Krucil Kediri puppets, Madurese puppeteers’ puppets, Banjar Kalimantan puppets, Thai Siamese puppets, and wayang puppets in Kelantan Malaysia. The development of Panji culture in Indonesia has been partly through the Panji Nusantara Week activity, which is held once a year, and features performances of Panji-themed arts in several cities in Indonesia. The Panji Cultural Week, which has been held for the past few years, has yet to touch all areas of Panji-themed art, both in Indonesia and abroad. Panji wayang art, which is one of the Panji cultural products, is overlooked by practitioners of Panji culture, even though Panji wayang art is spread across several regions in Indonesia and in several Southeast Asian countries. This research sought to develop Panji-themed wayang art in the Southeast Asian region, so that it has parallels with other Panji-themed arts, through the development of the Panji wayang network in the Southeast Asian region. The Panji Nusantara wayang network aims to build cultural communication between actors and observers of Panji wayang art in the Southeast Asia region and serve as a publication media for Panji puppets for the general public. The cultural communication media was formed as a virtual collaborative performance event, while the wayang Panji publication media is in the form of a digital application-based platform that contains a database for the Panji Nusantara puppet, profiles of the Panji wayang artists, and a roster of the performance activities. This research used the Willis design development method combined with ethnographic methods. The research data were collected in East Java and Kelantan Malaysia.&#x0D; Keywords: Development, puppet, panji nusantara, southeast asia

The role of small-holder seed supply in commercial mariculture in South-east Asia

Reviewed by: Chinese Business in Southeast Asia: Contesting Cultural Explanations, Researching Entrepreneurship Derek Heng Thiam Soon (bio) Edmund Terence Gomez and Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, editors. Chinese Business in Southeast Asia: Contesting Cultural Explanations, Researching Entrepreneurship. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. xiii, 205 pp. Hardcover $128.49, ISBN 0-700-71415-4. Paperback $40.95, ISBN 0-415-32622-2. Chinese Business in Southeast Asia: Contesting Cultural Explanations, Researching Entrepreneurship is the result of a workshop on Chinese businesses in Southeast Asia hosted by the Program for Southeast Asian Area Studies (PROSEA), Academia Sinica, Taibei, in 1997. Edited by Edmund Terence Gomez and Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, this volume consists of an introduction and six papers, each written as country reports featuring Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Taiwan (Taiwanese businesses in Southeast Asia). Each paper [End Page 419] contains a brief history of Chinese businesses in each of these countries and the sectors of their respective economies that Chinese businesses specialize in or have dominated up to the present, followed by an evaluation of the state of Chinese businesses in each of these countries with specific reference to developments in politics and governmental policies pertaining to the economy since the attaining of independence by each of these countries. There is also a fairly detailed bibliography on Chinese businesses in Southeast Asia, which is again divided according to the countries represented in the volume. The general thrust of the papers challenges the cultural approach to understanding the functions and successes of Chinese businesses in each of these Southeast Asian countries in the post-independence period. There is a conscious effort to move away from a more conceptual approach to understanding the success and limitations faced by the Chinese business communities in the respective countries since these countries became independent from their colonial masters after the Second World War, to a more pragmatic approach to the issue of Chinese capital and the establishment of niches in the respective economies. While there is an acknowledgment that emotive factors centered on ethnicity have been and continue to remain important to the Chinese business communities in Southeast Asia, the governments that these communities have been subject to have been more important in determining, in real terms, the viability of Chinese enterprise. The papers also question the thesis that the Chinese business communities in Southeast Asia are linked together by a series of networks that have made available large pools of capital, information, and knowledge that have opened up business opportunities in both domestic and regional markets. The existence and perpetuation of transnational Chinese business networks, based on the mutual recognition of a shared historical and ethnic background and with China as the common point of reference, otherwise known as the huaqiao (Overseas Chinese) or bamboo networks, is refuted. Instead, the papers suggest that since independence was attained by these countries in the mid-twentieth century, the Chinese business communities in Southeast Asia have been confined largely to the respective countries in which they have been located, resulting in a process of localization over the last fifty years. Localization of the various Chinese business communities in Southeast Asia took place as a result of the establishment of national identities in each of the Southeast Asian countries in the post-independence phase of Southeast Asian history, despite the position of the Chinese community in each of the Southeast Asian countries being at times ambiguous. At the same time, the isolation of China by the West during the 1950s to 1970s, and China's closed-door policy up until the late 1970s, had effectively led to the diminishing of the role and importance of the China connection that had, up until the 1950s, been a vital aspect of the Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. [End Page 420] The papers maintain a consensus that in such a context the political framework within which Chinese business existed, such as the nature of the political elite of the respective countries and the policies of the respective governments, had a more fundamental impact on the opportunities accorded to the Chinese business community for the establishment and enlargement of economic niches than do long-standing sociocultural traits and practices, such...

Based on the marine magnetic anomalies identified in the Argo Abyssal Plain offshore northwestern Australia, the conceptual continent of Argoland must have rifted off in the Late Jurassic (∼155 Ma) and drifted northward towards SE Asia. Intriguingly, in SE Asia there are no intact relics of a major continent such as India, but instead the region displays an intensely deformed, long-lived accretionary orogen that formed during more than 100 million years of oceanic and continental subduction. Within this orogen, there are continental fragments that may represent parts of Argoland. After accretion of these fragments, the orogen was further deformed. We compiled the orogenic architecture and the history of post-accretionary deformation of SE Asia, as well as the architecture and history of the NW Australian passive margin. We identified the Gondwana-derived blocks and mega-units of SW Borneo, Greater Paternoster, East Java, West Burma, and Mount Victoria Land as fragments that collectively may represent fragments of Argoland. These fragments are found between sutures with relics of Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic oceanic basins that all pre-date the break-up of Argoland. We systematically restore deformation within SE Asia in the upper plate system above the modern Sunda trench, use this to estimate where Gondwana-derived continental fragments accreted at the Sundaland (Eurasian) margin in the Cretaceous (∼110–85 Ma), and subsequently reconstruct their tectonic transport back to the Australian-Greater Indian margin. Our reconstruction shows that Argoland originated at the northern Australian margin between the Bird’s Head in the east and Wallaby-Zenith Fracture Zone in the west, south of which it bordered Greater India. We show that the lithospheric fragment that broke off northwest Australia in the Late Jurassic consisted of multiple continental fragments and intervening Triassic to Middle Jurassic oceanic basins, which we here call Argopelago. Argoland broke up into Argopelago during the Late Triassic rifting of Lhasa from the northern margin of Gondwana, and consisted of multiple continental fragments that were surrounded by oceanic basins, similar to Zealandia offshore modern east Australia, and the reconstructed history of Greater Adria in the Mediterranean.