Abstract
Besides providing spatial anatomic information on heart valves, real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) combined with color Doppler has the potential to overcome the limitations of flow quantification inherent to conventional 2D color Doppler methods. Recent studies validated the application of color Doppler 3DE (cD-3DE) for the quantification of regurgitation flow based on the vena contracta area (VCA) and the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) methods. Particularly the assessment of VCA by cD-3DE led to achange of paradigm by understanding of the VCA as being strongly asymmetric in the majority of patients and etiologies. This review provides acomprehensive description of the different concepts of cD-3DE-based flow quantification in the setting of different valvular heart diseases and their presentation in recent guidelines.
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