Reading fictional languages

Reviewed by: Elizabeth Bowen's Psychoanalytic Fiction by Victoria Coulson Jessica Gildersleeve Elizabeth Bowen's Psychoanalytic Fiction. By Victoria Coulson. (Midcentury Modern Writers) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2020. x+226 pp. £75. ISBN 978-1-4744-8049-9. Victoria Coulson's monograph is among the first in a new series from Edinburgh University Press. 'Midcentury Modern Writers', under the editorship of the prominent critic of modernism, Irish literature, and psychoanalysis, Maud Ellmann, is devoted to 'restoring undervalued writers, genres, and literary movements' (p. ix). A book, like the present study, devoted to the work of Elizabeth Bowen constitutes a welcome addition to such a project. A range of major publications on Bowen's work has emerged in recent years, including Ellmann's Elizabeth Bowen: The Shadow across the Page (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), Nicola Darwood's A World of Lost Innocence: Elizabeth Bowen's Fiction (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2012), my own Elizabeth Bowen and the Writing of Trauma: The Ethics of Survival (New York: Brill, 2014), and Elizabeth Bowen: Theory, Thought and Things, edited by myself and Patricia Juliana Smith (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019). Despite this, as well as the formation of the Elizabeth Bowen Society and its associated journal, the Elizabeth Bowen Review, Bowen still haunts the margins of canonical literature. Although psychoanalytic methods, often with a deconstructive, trauma-informed, or feminist slant, have informed a number of such recent studies, a sole focus on Bowen's work as 'psychoanalytic' may seem curious, given her interest in but apparent lack of explicit commentary on psychoanalysis. Indeed, the short story 'The Cat Jumps' (1934) may at first blush appear to be the only one of her works which directly uses the terms of psychoanalysis—and does so in a satirical manner, as its very modern characters engage in lively discussion about 'Kraffi-Ebing, Freud, Forel, Weiniger and the heterosexual volume of Havelock Ellis' (The Collected Stories of Elizabeth Bowen (London: Vintage, 1999), p. 366). In her private life, too, Bowen appeared to hold some disdain for modern psychology, such that although she visited a psychotherapist, her lover Charles Ritchie observed that the therapist exposed more of his own private feelings to her than she to him. Yet Coulson marks a critical intervention in this interpretation: [End Page 296] she points out that 'the satire of "The Cat Jumps" is directed not at the ideas represented by the volumes stocking the Wrights' library but at the spectacle of their complacent uptake by a social group motivated primarily by a tribal desire to instantiate its intellectual superiority' (p. 13). More importantly, however, she observes more subtle references in Bowen's fiction, non-fiction, and personal writing to psychoanalytic concepts such as narcissism, neurosis, and complexes (pp. 13–14). Given such infiltration of these ideas within her work, as well as the clear impact of personal and historical trauma in her life, including her father's debilitating psychological breakdown and her mother's early death, not to mention two world wars, a study dedicated to psychoanalysis in Bowen, or indeed of Bowen as a '"theorist" of psychic life' (p. 11), therefore represents an important contribution to the field. Following Bowen's favoured tripartite narrative structure, across three sections Coulson maps out Bowen's psychoanalytic representation of 'Development', 'Sexuality', and 'Reproduction; or Legacy', ultimately arguing for a consistent and original advancement of her theorization of these concepts, such that 'there is operative in Bowen's writing a sophisticated implicit account or understanding of psychological development, of sexuality, and of the structure and function of gender identities' (p. 10), as well as how this 'psychodrama of individual development' functions 'in relation to contemporary world-historical events' (p. 17). To do so, Coulson examines a range of Bowen's extensive œuvre of novels and short stories—the fiction—but also makes use of her life writing and critical essays. Yet her psychoanalytic method is peculiarly unmoored: this makes for a more readable text, to be sure, but does leave the study's psychoanalysis methodologically free. Nevertheless, this is a welcome inclusion in the field of Bowen studies, and does much to gather together and reframe some of the disparate themes...

Nations and NationalismEarly View SYMPOSIUM Tom Nairn: A man with qualities David McCrone, Corresponding Author David McCrone [email protected] University of Edinburgh Institute of Governance, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Correspondence David McCrone, University of Edinburgh Institute of Governance, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author David McCrone, Corresponding Author David McCrone [email protected] University of Edinburgh Institute of Governance, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Correspondence David McCrone, University of Edinburgh Institute of Governance, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 08 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12968 The allusion is to Robert Musil's 1929 novel ‘The Man Without Qualities’. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL REFERENCES Carruthers, G. (2009). Scottish literature. Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748633104 Craig, C. (1996). Out of history: Narrative paradigms in Scottish and British culture. Birlinn. Johnson, R. W. (1988). Pallas. In London review of books, 7th July (p. 6). Nairn, T. (1977). The break up of Britain. Verso. Nairn, T. (1988). The enchanted glass: Britain and its monarchy. Verso. Nairn, T. (1997). Faces of nationalism: Janus revisited. Verso. Paterson, L. (1994). The autonomy of modern Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

Journal Article LEOPARDI, UNGARETTI, MONTALE: THREE RECENT STUDIES Get access GIOVANNI CARSANIGA. Giacomo Leopardi. The Unheeded Voice. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (The Writers of Italy No. 6), 1977. xi+129 pp. £4. FREDERIC J. JONES. Giuseppe Ungaretti. Poet and Critic. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (The Writers of Italy No. 5), 1977. xi+229 pp. £4. GUIDO ALMANSI & BRUCE MERRY. Eugenio Montale. The Private Language of Poetry. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (The Writers of Italy No. 4), 1977. xii+167 pp. £4. ZYGMUNT G. BARAŃSKI ZYGMUNT G. BARAŃSKI Aberdeen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Forum for Modern Language Studies, Volume XV, Issue 1, January 1979, Pages 86–91, https://doi.org/10.1093/fmls/XV.1.86 Published: 01 January 1979

Medical Monographs, 4. Malabsorption. Edited by Ronald H. Girdwood and Adam W. Smith. 10 × 6½ in. Pp. 351. illustrated. 1969. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 80s Get access Medical Monographs, 4. Malabsorption. Edited by Ronald H Girdwood and Adam W Smith. 10 × 6½ in. Pp. 351. illustrated. 1969. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 80s. British Journal of Surgery, Volume 57, Issue 1, January 1970, Page 81, https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800570123 Published: 07 December 2005

Journal Article Hispanic Law Until the end of the Middle Ages. With a note on the continued validity after the fifteenth century of medieval Hispanic legislation in Spain, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. By E. N. van Kleffens. (Edinburgh: [Edinburgh University Press;] distrib. by Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago. 1968. Pp. viii, 382. $9.75.) Get access Hispanic Law Until the end of the Middle Ages. With a note on the continued validity after the fifteenth century of medieval Hispanic legislation in Spain, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. By van Kleffens E. N.. (Edinburgh: [Edinburgh University Press;] distrib. by Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago. 1968. Pp. viii, 382. $9.75.) J. Lee Shneidman J. Lee Shneidman Adelphi University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 75, Issue 1, October 1969, Pages 94–95, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/75.1.94 Published: 01 October 1969

If we wanted to find out what it might have felt like to have lived at a certain time and place, then according to one popular way of understanding their value, autobiography and biography would be...

Journal Article Perkins (D. H.) et al. Agricultural Development in ChinaChang (J. K.). Industrial Development in Pre-Communist ChinaN.-R. Chen and W. Galenson. The Chinese Economy under Communism Get access Agricultural Development in China 1368-1968. By D. H. Perkins et al. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1970. Pp. xv + 395. £6.00.)Industrial Development in Pre-Communist China. By J. K. Chang. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1970. Pp. xiv + 148. £2.50.)The Chinese Economy under Communism. By N.-R. Chen and W. Galenson. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1970. Pp. x + 250. £3.00.) Kenneth R. Walker Kenneth R. Walker School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 81, Issue 324, 1 December 1971, Pages 1009–1012, https://doi.org/10.2307/2230366 Published: 01 December 1971

Modernism’s Animal Metaphors Derek Ryan Primordial Modernism: Animals, Ideas, transition (1927–1938). Cathryn Setz. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019. Pp. 224. $105.00 (hardback); $24.95 (paperback). The Modernist Exoskeleton: Insects, War, Literary Form. Rachel Murray. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020. Pp. 224. $110.00 (hardback); $24.95 (eBook). In his classic essay “Why Look at Animals?,” John Berger speculates that “the first metaphor was animal.” His hunch is that at some point in time human proximity to animals initiated a metaphorical relation through which the earliest questions could be asked about what the human and the nonhuman “shared in common” and “what differentiated them.” But if evidence of the ancient significance of animals for human life can be found in zodiac signs, Hindu mythology and Homer’s Iliad (among a list that is, Berger admits, “endless”), in capitalist modernity this relationship has been ostensibly lost, with animals physically marginalized and psychically co-opted.1 The story of how modernism fits into this sweeping history of metaphor and marginalization is now being told. Scholars of modernist animal studies are interested in how and why creaturely metaphors might reinforce speciesism and be used to dehumanize entire peoples, but also how they can destabilize a sense of human superiority and, perhaps counterintuitively, enhance understandings of nonhuman life.2 In the two excellent books under review here, Cathryn Setz and Rachel Murray intensify and nuance our understanding of animal metaphor and other creaturely tropes across a wide range of experimental writing that engages phenomena specific to the early twentieth century: developments in the biological sciences, [End Page 431] eugenicist discourse, the rise of fascism, and the trauma of the First and Second World Wars. Notably, where Berger turns to cattle and horses, elephants and lions, cats and dogs—encompassing working animals, captivation and domestication—for his evidence, these new accounts direct our attention towards the most commonly overlooked creatures of all. The pages of Primordial Modernism: Animals, Ideas, transition (1927–1938) and The Modernist Exoskeleton: Insects, War, Literary Form are populated by amoebas, fish, lizards, birds, butterflies, ants, caterpillars and worms. Published one year apart in Edinburgh University Press’s “Critical Studies in Modernist Culture” series, edited by Tim Armstrong and Rebecca Beasley, these books sit remarkably well together as evidence of the centrality of animal metaphor to modernism’s experiments in form and its conceptualization of experience. They show how animals inspired, in often surprising and profound ways, what Setz refers to as a “primordialist aesthetics” (10), where writing oozes, buzzes, and flies; or what Murray terms an “entomological aesthetics” (13), in which forms bristle, burst, and swarm. Both monographs are carefully contextualized and elegantly organized, with a precise thematic focus that belies the breadth of material covered across “little magazines” and periodical culture, avant-garde poetry and the modernist novel. While primarily studies in literary aesthetics, they are especially notable for their engagement with the history of science (illustrated through the inclusion of well-chosen images to accompany the detailed discussions). If modernist approaches to animality have, since Margot Norris’s Beasts of the Modernist Imagination (1985), been explicitly framed as a response to Darwin, then in Setz’s and Murray’s work we find crucial refinements to modernism’s engagement with evolutionary discourse, including the many now discredited theories that nonetheless fed the modernist imagination with sometimes troubling, often humorous, but always fascinating results.3 Setz’s study is centered on the rich array of animal metaphors that appear throughout the journal transition, which for just over a decade from 1927 onwards served editor Eugene Jolas’s “quest to seek the ‘Revolution of the Word’,” most famously declared in his manifesto of that title (3–4). The book’s first motivating principle is to reclaim the importance of a magazine that has (along with its editor) been too readily dismissed, its reputation dented by the disparaging remarks of Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot among many others. Yet despite a relatively small print run and occasionally questionable content, Setz reminds her readers that this lowly creature of modernism in fact circulated a high number of avant-garde works among its twenty-seven issues and more than 4,000 pages...

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook Reviews . Edited by Jenny Wolmark. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999. Cybersexualities: A Reader on Feminist Theory, Cyborgs and Cyberspace. Edited by Jenny Wolmark. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999. Global Obscenities: Patriarchy, Capitalism, and the Lure of Cyberfantasy. By Zillah Eisenstein. New York and London: New York University Press, 1998.Christine Wertheim and Margaret WertheimChristine WertheimInstitute for Figuring, Los Angeles Search for more articles by this author and Margaret WertheimCalifornia Institute of the Arts, Los Angeles Search for more articles by this author Institute for Figuring, Los AngelesCalifornia Institute of the Arts, Los AngelesPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 28, Number 3Spring 2003Gender and Science: New Issues Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/345331 Views: 81Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref Permission to reprint a book review printed in this section may be obtained only from the author(s).PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Janet Mansfield The Global Musical Subject, Curriculum and Heidegger's Questioning Concerning Technology, Educational Philosophy and Theory 37, no.11 (Jan 2013): 133–148.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2005.00103.x

Samuel Johnson: The Return of the Jacobites and Other Topics Robert Folkenflik John Cannon. Samuel Johnson and the Politics of Hanoverian England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). Pp. vii + 326. $59.00 cloth. J.C.D. Clark. Samuel Johnson: Literature, Religion and English Cultural Politics from Restoration to Romanticism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). Pp. xiv + 270. $49.95 cloth. $17.95 paper. Greg Clingham, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Samuel Johnson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Pp. xx + 266. $59.95 cloth. $18.95 paper. Richard C. Cole, ed. with Peter S. Baker and Rachel McClellan, and with the assistance of James J. Caudel. The General Correspondence of James Boswell 1766–1769. The Yale Editions of the Private Papers of James Boswell, Research Edition, Correspondence: vol. 7 (vol. 2: 1768–1769). Edinburgh and New Haven: Edinburgh University Press and Yale University Press, 1997. Pp. xxii, 330. $75.00 cloth. Thomas Crawford, ed. The Correspondence of James Boswell and William Johnson Temple 1756–1795. The Yale Editions of the Private Papers of James Boswell, Research Edition, Correspondence: vol. 6 (vol. 1: 1756–1777). Edinburgh and New Haven: Edinburgh University Press and Yale University Press, 1997. Pp. lix, 479. $75.00 cloth. Leopold Damrosch, ed. Samuel Johnson and James Boswell. Major Authors on CD-ROM (Woodbridge: Primary Source Media, 1997). $395.00 CD-ROM. Robert DeMaria, Jr. Samuel Johnson and the Life of Reading (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997). Pp. 270. $39.95 cloth. A.D. Horgan. Johnson on Language: An Introduction (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994). Pp. ix + 226. $25.00 cloth. Samuel Johnson. A Dictionary of the English Language on CD-ROM: The First and Fourth Editions, ed. Anne McDermott (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). $295.00 CD-ROM. [End Page 289] Irma Lustig, ed. Boswell: Citizen of the World, Man of Letters (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1995). Pp. xvii + 270. $37.50 cloth. Donald J. Newman, ed. James Boswell: Psychological Interpretations (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995). Pp. viii + 222. $39.95 cloth. Bruce Redford, ed. The Letters of Samuel Johnson 1731–1772; The Hyde Edition 5 vols (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992–94). Pp. xxix + 431; xvii + 385; xvii + 399; xix + 462; xv + 174. $175.00 cloth. Thomas Reinert. Regulating Confusion: Samuel Johnson and the Crowd (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1996). Pp. 195. $49.95 cloth, $17.95 paper. Pat Rogers. Johnson and Boswell: The Transit of Caledonia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). Pp. x + 245. $49.95 cloth. Pat Rogers. The Samuel Johnson Encyclopedia (Westport and London: Greenwood Press, 1996). Pp. xvii + 483. $85.00 cloth. Arthur Sherbo. Samuel Johnson’s Critical Opinions: A Reexamination (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1995). Pp. 214. $36.50 cloth. Marshall Waingrow, ed. James Boswell’s Life of Johnson: An Edition of the Original Manuscript The Yale Editions of the Private Papers of James Boswell, vol. 1 (Edinburgh and New Haven: Edinburgh University Press and Yale University Press, 1994). Pp. xxxi + 518. $85.00 cloth. The Age of Johnson exists as a journal title in the field of eighteenth-century studies, but what has become of the concept? The canon shifts in classrooms and anthologies are well-known. If, however, monographic studies of Samuel Johnson appeared for a time to be on the wane, this is clearly no longer the case. A combination of new accounts, scholarly editions and electronic versions, in the wake of new biographies by Pat Rogers (brief), Robert DeMaria, Jr., and Richard Holmes (a two-hander with a Stevensonian allusion, Dr. Johnson and Mr. Savage), show that a somewhat different Johnson is now receiving close attention. Jonathan Clark’s Samuel Johnson: Literature, Religion and English Cultural Politics from Restoration to Romanticism is at once a case study in Clark’s rehabilitation of Jacobitism and part of his much larger historical project. As Henry Adams once attempted to establish two points, one in the middle ages and one in modern times, and draw a historical line between them, so Clark attempts something similar, taking as his termini the late seventeenth century and the Thatcher era. But in Clark’s case, the intention is to move the line distinctly to the right and...

MLR, 96. , 200 MLR, 96. , 200 although the English original does appear in the bibliography as well. There is a sprinklingof typographicalerrorsand a few of the index dates are incomplete or in error (Edmund Wilson's birth date is a decade out, while Anna Seghers died back in 1983). However, any such minor quibblesor reservationsmust not detractfromwhat is now thistoweringtwo-volumed contributionto Pasternakstudies. UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL NEIL CORNWELL An Introductionto Applied Linguistics. From Practice to Theory. By ALAN DAVIES. (Edinburgh Textbooks in Applied Linguistics) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1999. xiii + I78 pp. ?40. (paperbound ?I5.95). Everydisciplinecoming of age needs to reflecton its origins,its history,its conflicts, in order to gain a better understandingof its identity and its long term objectives. Alan Davies, one of the founding fathersof applied linguistics, is the ideal person for this soul-searchingexercise. He worked with Pit Corder in the Department of Applied Linguistics at the University of Edinburgh in the early I96os, authored books on language testing and the native speaker in Applied Linguistics,became editor of thejournals Applied Linguistics and Language Testing and thus helped shape the discipline in its present form. The present volume is the firstin the new series Edinburgh Textbooks inApplied Linguistics of which Davies is editor. It servesboth as an introduction to applied linguistics and the new series. The main argument of the book is 'that applied linguisticsis best understood by doing it than by studying or reading about it' (p. ix). The reader does not need to have a backgroundin formal appliedlinguisticsto understandthisbook as it is intended for those who have been teaching language or working professionally with language (p. ix). This is not a textbook in the traditional sense of the word, as the titles of the seven chapters illustrate:'History and definitions'; 'Doing applied linguistics: the importance of experience'; 'Language and language practices'; 'Appliedlinguisticsand language learning/teaching'; 'Appliedlinguisticsand language use'; 'The professionalisingof applied linguistics'; 'Applied linguistics: no "bookish" theory', followed by an excellent glossary and stimulatingexercises relating to each chapter. Rather than sum up the differentsub-fieldswithin the discipline, or present the various theories and paradigms in a chronological order, Davies explores various themes mentioning relevant research along the way. His chapter on 'Language and language practices', for example, highlightsthe permanent tension 'in all linguistic studies between a focus on stability and a focus on change' (p. 62), which he illustratesby looking at the areas of clinical linguistics, language and gender and language in situation. Davies tries to answer the question 'What is applied linguistics?'by focusing on who does it and what it is that distinguishesit fromlinguistics.He addressesthe first questionby presentingthe views of a number of eminent anglophone researchersin the field (Widdowson, Corder, Mackey, Lado, Gregg, Tarone .. .) without taking position, but admitting that the answer 'must be incomplete' (pp. 4-5) because of the ambiguity surroundingwho is authorized to do applied linguistics. To answer the second question, simplified to 'does applied linguistics need any linguistics?' (p. 5), Davies analysesthe change in attitudethatwas reflectedin the title change of the journal Language Learning. A JournalofApplied Linguistics that became A Journal of Research in Language Studies,and he compares the 'linguistics applied' tradition versusthe 'appliedlinguistic'tradition.The range of researchin applied linguistics although the English original does appear in the bibliography as well. There is a sprinklingof typographicalerrorsand a few of the index dates are incomplete or in error (Edmund Wilson's birth date is a decade out, while Anna Seghers died back in 1983). However, any such minor quibblesor reservationsmust not detractfromwhat is now thistoweringtwo-volumed contributionto Pasternakstudies. UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL NEIL CORNWELL An Introductionto Applied Linguistics. From Practice to Theory. By ALAN DAVIES. (Edinburgh Textbooks in Applied Linguistics) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1999. xiii + I78 pp. ?40. (paperbound ?I5.95). Everydisciplinecoming of age needs to reflecton its origins,its history,its conflicts, in order to gain a better understandingof its identity and its long term objectives. Alan Davies, one of the founding fathersof applied linguistics, is the ideal person for this soul-searchingexercise. He worked with Pit Corder in the Department of Applied Linguistics at the University of Edinburgh in the early I96os, authored books on language testing and the native speaker in Applied...

The Struggle For Germany, 1914–1945. By Lionel Kochan. [Edinburgh University Publications. History, Philosophy and Economics, Number 15.] (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; distrib. by Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago. 1963. Pp. viii, 150. $3.95.) The Struggle For Germany, 1914–1945. By Kochan Lionel. [Edinburgh University Publications. History, Philosophy and Economics, Number 15.] (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; distrib. by Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago. 1963. Pp. viii, 150. $3.95.) Robert G. L. Waite Robert G. L. Waite Williams College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 69, Issue 1, October 1963, Pages 129–130, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/69.1.129 Published: 01 October 1963

The Governance of Medieval England. By H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles. 6 × 10. Pp. 514. Edinburgh University Publications; History, Philosophy and Economics, No. 16. Edinburgh University Press, 1963. 70s. - Volume 44 Issue 2

REVIEWS 511 ~ xto spodivaitcja (K) ‘that put their trust [in him]’ (p. 178), spasennje (M) ~ spasennja (K) ‘salvation’ (p. 178), peščera (M) ~ pečera (K) ‘cave’ (p. 185), čystyj (M) ~ ščyryj (K) ‘righteous’ (p. 185), čudesa (M) ~ dyva (K) ‘wondrous works’ (p. 186); some long-naturalized (regional) Polonisms are also changed with ‘more’ vernacular forms of the type kotryj (M) ~ jakyj (K) ‘which’ (p. 180) and papir (M) ~ bomaha (K) ‘[the volume of the] book’ (p. 183); one can also add here a northern Ukrainian form typical of the previous literary tradition — pljundrovaty (M) next to modern pljundruvaty (K) ‘to plunder’ (p. 188). No doubt, the translation of Moračevs’kyj is a true trove of data reflecting the vagaries of the formation of new standard Ukrainian, including its high style. Yet this process would have appeared more nuanced had the authors of the introduction placed the creation of the Ukrainian Psalter in the wider context of similar translations made not only before Moračevs’kyj but also after him. In this regard, one should mention Pantelejmon Kuliš whose first paraphrases of Psalms 1 and 13 appeared in 1868, and Oleksandr Navroc’kyj and Volodymyr Aleksandrov who paraphrased the Psalter, under the influence of Kuliš, in the 1880s. Needless to say, publication of their works in the future would complement the edition of the pioneering translation made by Moračevs’kyj in 1865 and prepared for publication by Hnatenko 150 years later. Department of Modern Languages and Cultures Andrii Danylenko Pace University Offord, Derek; Ryazanova-Clarke, Lara; Rjéoutski, Vladislav and Argent, Gesine (eds). French and Russian in Imperial Russia. Volume 1: Language Use Among the Russian Elite. Russian Language and Society. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2015. xviii + 270 pp. Figures. Tables. Notes. Bibliographies. Index. £75.00. Offord, Derek; Ryazanova-Clarke, Lara; Rjéoutski, Vladislav and Argent, Gesine (eds). French and Russian in Imperial Russia. Volume 2: Language Attitudes and Identity. Russian Language and Society. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2015. xviii + 266 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliographies. Index. £75.00. In January 1868, suffering from a periodic inflammation of the eye, P. A. Valuev, soon to be deposed as Alexander II’s Minister of Internal Affairs, was obliged to dictate his diary to his wife. Whereas he habitually recorded his thoughts in Russian, she preferred to write in French. Depressed by developments in St Petersburg and pessimistic about the state of Russian morals, the aloof Europeanized statesman was prompted to reflect, not for the first time, that it was ‘not natural’ that French should have become ‘more or less’ the SEER, 94, 3, july 2016 512 most influential language in Russian society: ‘Le chinois nous conviendrait beaucoup mieux.’ What motivated individual language choices in imperial Russia? And what can such choices tell us about the formation, consolidation and fragmentation of personal, social and national identities? Though isolated attempts have been made to answer such questions in the past, the subject has never been tackled in the concerted way represented by these two selfstanding but complementary volumes. Remarkably, the effort has finally been made neither in Russia nor in France, but in Britain, where a conference on ‘Enlightened Russian’, organized by Lara Ryazanova-Clarke at the University of Edinburgh in 2012, provided one of the sources for these books. The other was the Arts and Humanities Research Council project on ‘The History of the French Language in Russia’, led by Derek Offord at the University of Bristol with the collaboration of the remaining two editors. Though he generously acknowledges the extent to which this was a collective enterprise, Offord was clearly its guiding mind. Not the least of his contributions has been to translate more than a third of the twenty-four essays that comprise these two richly rewarding volumes. Written by an international cast of authors, ranging from doctoral candidates to senior scholars, the essays probe an impressively wide variety of published and unpublished materials. Beginning with a general consideration of the use of French and Russian in Catherine II’s Russia (Derek Offord, Gesine Argent and Vladislav Rjéoutski), the first volume goes on to discuss the empress’s letters to Grimm (Georges Dulac), language use by the Stroganovs...

James Williams, gilles deleuze's difference and repetition.-a critical introduction and guide, Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2003.