Abstract
Reaction kinetics are presented for the reversible esterification reaction of citric acid with ethanol to form tri-ethyl citrate via mono-ethyl and di-ethyl citrates. The reaction was studied in batch isothermal experiments, self-catalyzed homogeneously by citric acid and the formed mono- and di-ethyl citrates, and heterogeneously catalyzed by macroporous Amberlyst-15 ion-exchange resin catalyst. Experimental data were obtained between 78 and 120 °C at different mole ratios of ethanol to citric acid and catalyst concentrations up to 5 wt % ion-exchange resin. The kinetics of ethanol etherification to form di-ethyl ether were included in the investigation. Kinetic modeling was performed using a pseudo-homogeneous UNIQUAC-based activity model, taking into consideration the rate of self-catalyzed esterification and the side reaction to form diethyl ether. The activity coefficients for the tri-ethyl citrate−ethanol and tri-ethyl citrate−water binary pairs were obtained from experimental vapor−liquid equilibri...
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