Re-strategizing frameworks: SMEs’ search for optimal performance strategies when facing challenges of instability, global change, and emerging restrictions

Part 1 Patterns and determinants of climate and landscape change: scenarios of global warming, Stephen H. Schneider evaluating landscape change - patterns of worldwide deforestation and local fragmentation, Martha J. Groom and Nathan Schumaker population and community processes in the response of terrestrial ecosystems to global change, David S. Schimel. Part 2 Physiology and population responses to environmental change: terrestrial vegetation and climate change - integrating models and experiments, Stephen W. Pacala and George C. Hurtt plant defense, herbivory, and climate change, Matthew P. Ayres population responses to environmental change - operative environments, physiologically structured models, and population dynamics, Arthur E. Dunham climate change and ecological interactions, Anthony R. Ives and George Gilchrist individual-based models for predicting effects of global change, William W. Murdoch. Part 3 Evolutionary responses to environmental change: evolutionary genetics and climatic change - will animals adapt to global warming?, Ary A. Hoffmann and Mark W. Blows evolutionary responses of plants to global change, Monica A. Gever and Todd E. Dawson the evolutionary dynamics of fragmented plant populations, Kent S. Holsinger genetic consequences of extinction and recolonization in fragmented habitats, David E. McCauley evolution and extinction in response to environmental change, Michael Lynch and Russell Lande global change - lessons from and for evolutionary biology, Joseph Travis and Douglas J. Futuyma. Part 4 Community responses to environmental change: species dynamics and global environmental change - a perspective from ecosystem experiments, Stephen R. Carpenter, et al effects of global climate change on North American birds and their communities, Terry L. Root implications of climate change for stream communities, Nancy B. Grimm paleoecological perspectives on modeling broad-scale responses to global change, James S. Clark carbon dioxide limitation and potential direct effects of its accumulation on plant communities, David Tilman a salty and salutary perspective on global change, Robert T. Paine forecasting ecological responses to global change - the need for large-scale comparative studies, Michael L. Pace. Part 5 Landscape change and habitat fragmentation: species invasions and deletions - community effects and responses to climate and habitat change, David M. Lodge species diversity, spatial scale, and global change, Susan Harrison effects of global change on the dynamics of insect host-parasitoid interactions, M.P. Hassell, et al conservation planning for species occupying fragmented landscapes - the case of the Northern Spotted Owl, Kevin McKelvey, et al part contents.

Ecosystem coupling: A unifying framework to understand the functioning and recovery of ecosystems

The article examines modern problems and trends in the development of transport and logistics markets based on digital transformations in the context of global changes in the economy. The survey of the results of the forecast analysis of the development of the world transport and logistics market in the context of global changes in the economy was carried out. It was concluded that the forecast dynamics of the volume of the global transport and logistics 162 market in 2021-2030 are characterized by positive trends of global economic changes. The ideas of researchers in the direction of the development of the market of transport and logistics services in Ukraine, transformation of business processes in digital processes and digital platforms are presented. The connection between the strategy of digital development of the economy of Ukraine and high technologies for the period up to 2030 is indicated, which should determine the goals, directions, conditions for the institutional and digital transformation of the infrastructure of the economy in the context of global economic changes. The author’s vision of Digitalization of transport and logistics services in Ukraine with competitive advantages in the context of global economic changes is provided. It is recommended to use B2B, B2C, B2G models for the market of transport and logistics services in Ukraine based on the concept of strategic planning of the business ecosystem. It is proposed to develop the principles of business ecosystem planning related to the development of the Digital economy based on modularity, configuration, multilateral relations, management, organization of the business ecosystem. The author’s vision of Digitalization of transport and logistics services in Ukraine in the purpose of growth and formation of competitive advantages in the context of global economic changes is provided. The task of Digitization of the business ecosystem, which should scale the national transport and logistics market, has been set.

Background/Question/Methods There is increasing evidence that global change can alter the structure of plant communities with large impacts on the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about the impact of global change on soil microbial communities. In particular, the response of soil nitrite-oxidizers microorganisms that mediate the second step of nitrification, a key process of the nitrogen cycle, has never been investigated.Here, we examined the effects of four main global environmental changes on the activity, the abundance and the diversity of soil nitrite-oxidizers in an annual grassland ecosystem as part of the Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment (CA, USA). This experiment includes four treatments - CO2, temperature, precipitation and nitrogen - with two levels per treatment (ambient and elevated, with elevated treatment based on prediction for the end of the century), and all of their factorial combinations. We measured potential nitrite oxidation, the abundance of soil Nitrobacter- and Nitrospiralike nitrite-oxidizers (using quantitative PCR targeting nxrA and 16S rRNA gene, respectively) and the diversity of soil Nitrobacter-like nitrite-oxidizers (using cloning sequencing targeting the nxrA gene) in each treatment combination at the end of the 7th and 8th growing seasons under treatments. Furthermore, we analyzed to what extent changes in the activity of the soil nitrite-oxidizers result from changes in their abundance or diversity. Results/Conclusions Simulated global environmental changes significantly altered the activity, as well as the abundance and the diversity of soil nitrite-oxidizers. Potential nitrite oxidation decreased with increased precipitation and increased with elevated CO2 when combined with added nitrogen or precipitation. The abundance of soil Nitrobacter-like nitrite-oxidizers also decreased with increased precipitation and increased with elevated levels of CO2 and nitrogen. In contrast, the abundance of soil Nitrospira-like nitrite-oxidizers increased with enhanced precipitation and decreased with elevated levels of CO2 and temperature. Finally, the structure of the soil Nitrobacter-like nitrite-oxidizers was significantly altered by the treatments. Consistent with results reported by Attard et al. (2010) for agroecosystems, we found that changes in potential rates of nitrite oxidation in response to treatments were partly explained by changes in the abundance of soil Nitrobacter-like nitrite-oxidizers, but not by changes in the abundance of soil Nitrospiralike nitrite-oxidizers, suggesting that Nitrobacter-like nitrite-oxidizers were the main functional players of the soil nitrite-oxidizing microbial community.Our study provides evidence that global change could alter the abundance and diversity of soil nitrite-oxidizers, with potential impacts for soil nitrogen cycling.*The audio track for talks in this symposium may be obtained at the following web address:**https://sites.google.com/site/esa2010symposium13audiocontent/esa2010-symposium13-audio-content*

Processes and problems of the creation of networking society and network-based economy are described in this theoretical article. Networking processes and the network-based new development tendencies in various sectors of economy and social life in the context of contemporary global changes are defined as an especially important field of the scientific research and studies. The main aspects of the networking and network-based development tendencies are analysed. The complexity and systematics of the networking processes and the networking society creation under conditions of globalisation and contemporary changes in various areas of social and economic life are analysed.The main attention is focused on the idea that networking processes and the creation of networking society and network-based economy could be perceived as one of the most important priorities of the modernisation of contemporary social and economic systems, as well as of social, economic, political development, science, and technological progress in general.The creation of networking society and network-based economy is assessed as the most important assumption and the main way to solve most of the social, economic, technological, even security, defence and ecological problems worldwide, as well as in various countries or regions in general and in various countries or regions in the space of the European Union.The processes of the creation of networking society and network-based economy express the essential qualitative changes in all areas of social, economic, political life, science, and technological progress, and interaction with nature. The processes of the creation of networking society and network-based economy deeply influence the content of globalisation and internationalisation processes and the effect on a situation in the modern world.The processes of the creation of networking society and network-based economy must be analysed in complexity. This analysis should be orientated towards the systematically examined and assessed changes and development processes.It is particularly important that the processes of the creation of networking society and network-based economy are taking place on a global scale and could be defined as the processes belonging to the category of global processes and changes: it also means that the complex interaction between the processes of global changes and the processes of the creation of networking society and network-based economy is a very important factor of the positive development in the societal life in the general context of globalisation.Problem is that the networking society and the network-based economy creation processes and other processes of global changes are usually analysed separately: the factor of the complex interaction between different global processes and the processes of the creation of networking society and network-based economy is often ignored. It means, that a complex analysis of the processes of various types, as well as an evaluation of the factors of interaction between different processes could be defined as a perspective way to solve some actual theoretical and practical problems of the development of contemporary economy and of the creation of networking society and network-based economy in general, especially in the context of globalisation.The complex analysis and the multidimensional evaluation of the general processes of global changes and of the specific processes of networking society and the network-based economy creation as a perspective theoretical approach in research on societal changes in the context of globalisation is defined and described in this theoretical article.The variety and the main phenomena and regularities of the global changes are identified, their impact on real processes of networking society and network-based economy creation is characterised. The main principles of the networking society and the network-based economy creation in the context of global changes are formulated.The main idea of the complex analysis and of the evaluation of the factors of interaction between different processes of global changes and the processes of networking society and network-based economy creation could be briefly described as follows: the complex analysis and evaluation of these factors includes two aspects – first, all these processes should be defined and analysed as the global changes in general, secondly, the processes of the creation of networking society and networks based economy should be identified as an specific and especially important priority of contemporary social, economic, organizational and technological changes in the global space. This idea is described in details in the article.

Detecting structural changes in time-series data is crucial in many applications. However, the changes in the data may appear as global structural changes that cannot be detected by conventional methods. In recent years, Topological Data Analysis (TDA) has been used to detect such global structural changes. In TDA, information on connected components or holes of data is encoded into a two-dimensional plot called a persistence diagram (PD), which can be used to detect global changes in time-series. However, only a few studies on TDA conducted change detection assuming probabilistic structure on PDs. In this paper, we introduce probability structures into PD, with which we conduct change detection on the basis of the minimum description length principle. We propose the following two methods: (1) A parametric method: We employ the Gaussian mixture model for PD modeling and then detect global changes by tracking the changes in the optimal number of mixture components. (2) A non-parametric method: We employ kernel densities for PD modeling and then detect changes by tracking changes in their global complexity. These methods not only improve the detection accuracy of global structural changes but also provide the explainability of global changes. We showcase the effectiveness of the proposed methods using synthetic data and real-world financial time-series data.

The human–environment condition has emerged as one of the central issues of the new millennium, especially as it has become apparent that human activity is transforming nature at a global scale in both systemic and cumulative ways. Originating with concerns about potential climate warming, the global environmental change agenda rapidly enlarged to include changes in structure and function of the earth’s natural systems, notably those systems critical for life, and the policy implications of these changes, especially focused on the coupled human–environment system. Recognition of the unprecedented pace, magnitude, and spatial scale of global change, and of the pivotal role of humankind in creating and responding to it, has led to the emergence of a worldwide, interdisciplinary effort to understand the human dimensions of global change. The term “global change” now encompasses a range of research issues including those relating to economic, political, and cultural globalization, but in this chapter we limit our focus to global environmental change and to the field that has become formally known as the human dimensions of global (or global environmental) change. We also focus mainly on the work of geographers rather than attempting to review the whole human dimensions research community. Intellectually, geography is well positioned to contribute to global environmental change research (Liverman 1999). The large-scale human transformation of the planet through activities such as agriculture, deforestation, water diversion, fossil fuel use, and urbanization, and the impacts of these on living conditions through changes in, for example, climate and biodiversity, has highlighted the importance of scholarship that analyzes the human–environmental relationship and can inform policy. Geography is one of the few disciplines that has historically claimed human–environment relationships as a definitional component of itself (Glacken 1967; Marsh 1864) and has fostered a belief in and reward system for engaging integrative approaches to problem solving (Golledge 2002; Turner 2002). Moreover, global environmental change is intimately spatial and draws upon geography-led remote sensing and geographic information science (Liverman et al. 1998). Geographers anticipated the emergence of current global change concerns (Thomas et al. 1956; Burton et al. 1978) and were seminal in the development of the multidisciplinary programs of study into the human dimensions of global change.

Tectonics, global changes in sea level and their relationship to stratigraphical sequences at the US Atlantic continental margin

The ICSU-IGBP: A study of global change, is in its incipient stage, but will probably last for over 10 years. The emphasis will be on the total earth system, concentrating on the various interacting factors and processes that can cause change. The development and testing of models will be an important component. INQUA and Quaternarists enter the picture by supplying information of past global changes in order to test cause an effect hypothesis and to help evaluate interactive earth system processes. Numerical data from time slices and time series of the relatively recent past on a worldwide scale will be particularly important for the core program. However, changes that have taken place during the last glacial cycle, not detectable in the short term, must be considered. Much of this information is available now or is being acquired in existing projects, but has to be organized and presented in a form easy to utilize by others. New programs should extend our present knowledge in traditional areas, particularly in geographic areas where little information is available. Key archives include ice cores, tree rings, lacustrine sediments, coral deposits, loess, paleosols, ocean cores, pollen, historical records and glacial deposits. To ensure input of past global changes is included in the core program, the IGBP Special Committee has established a Scientific Steering Committee on Global Change of the Past. The Committee has suggested the following programs consisting of two streams. One focuses on the last 2,000 years, and the other concentrates on coarser temporal resolution of climatic changes in earth history through the last two glacial cycles. However, the Special Committee emphasizes that the core program will not be all-encompassing or an “umbrella” program for all aspects of global change. On the contrary, organizers encourage other organizations and individuals to initiate and carry out their own programs. INQUA, besides participating in the core program, is participating in global change programs of the IUGS. Here, other dimensions of global change will be considered. Important projects recently identified at an IUGS workshop include: 1) past global reservoirs of carbon and their change with time; 2) global sea level change and impacts; 3) abrupt changes, extreme events and short-term fluctuations in continental records; 4) pilot projects on land-sea correlation; and 5) long continental records. In addition, INQUA, through its Intercongress Committee on Global Change will coordinate and identify projects of its own commissions, sub-commissions and working groups that are of particular interest and importance to the global change program. The Intercongress Committee may also initiate its own projects taking advantage of our worldwide network of Quaternary scientists. The past global reservoir of carbon has been suggested as a project we should undertake. It is apparent, therefore, that INQUA and Quaternary scientists in general have an important role to play in the global change program if it is to be a success. This could be our “finest hour”.

Section 1: Introduction.- Education and Global Environmental Change.- Evolutionary Organizational Models for Interdisciplinary Research and Teaching of Global Environmental Change.- Education and Training of Global Environmental Change Scientists.- Sustainable Developement Towards Global Change partnerships.- Environmental Education and Training of Global Scientists for Sustainability.- The Role of Environmental Education in the Training of Scientists on Global Environmental Changes in Developing Countries.- NASA/USRA Cooperative University-based Earth System Science Education Program.- Global Change Education: The Evolving U.S. Federal Plan.- Section 2: Global Change Science Course.- Teaching Teachers About Global Change Science: Project COPE.- What Is Environmental Chemistry?.- Chemistry, Resources and the Environment.- Teaching Environmental Sciences to Undergraduate and Postgraduate Chemistry Students.- The Science and Social Issues Related to Global Environmental Change: An Undergraduate Honors Colloquium.- Building an Undergraduate Earth Systems Science Education Program.- Training Atmospheric Scientists: Examples from Denmark.- The Arctic Studies Program at the Arctic Centre, University of Lapland.- Education and Training in Environmental Science in Greece.- Climate Change Education and Training at Wageningen Agricultural University.- Environmental Studies at the University of Colorado.- Geographical Concept of Training in Environmental Management: Local, Regional and Global Aspects.- Environmental Monitoring: Special Course for Training Global Change Scientists.- The Development of a New Masters Level Course: MSc Environmental Change and Management, University of Oxford, UK.- Section 3: Resources for Teaching Global Change Science.- Teaching Global Change Science to Non-Science Majors.- Teaching the Human Aspects of Earth System Science.- Historical Geology: An Avenue for Teaching Global Change Issues.- The Truth about Catalytic Convertors.- Capacity Building in Marine Remote Sensing through Computer-based Modules Serving a Global Network.- Teaching Global Change Topics by Linking Classroom and International Field Research Experiences.- Global Change: A Context for Teaching Science.- Section 4: Workshop Discussions.- Education and training in Global Change Science.- Participants.- Workshop Committee.

Where next with global environmental scenarios?

’s (2012) conclusion that observed climate change is comparableto projections, and in some cases exceeds projections, allows further inferences ifwe can quantify changing climate forcings and compare those with projections.The largest climate forcing is caused by well-mixed long-lived greenhouse gases.Here we illustrate trends of these gases and their climate forcings, and we discussimplications. We focus on quantities that are accurately measured, and we includecomparison with fixed scenarios, which helps reduce common misimpressionsabout how climate forcings are changing.Annual fossil fuel CO

Climate change has a number of observed, anticipated, or possible consequences on crop health worldwide. Global change, on the other hand, incorporates a number of drivers of change, including global population increase, natural resource evolution, and supply–demand shifts in markets, from local to global. Global and climate changes interact in their effects on global ecosystems. Identifying and quantifying the impacts of global and climate changes on plant diseases is complex. A number of nonlinear relationships, such as the injury (epidemic)–damage (crop loss) relationship, are superimposed on the interplay among the three summits of the disease triangle (host, pathogen, environment). Work on a range of pathosystems involving rice, peanut, wheat, and coffee has shown the direct linkage and feedback between production situations and crop health. Global and climate changes influence the effects of system components on crop health. The combined effects of global and climate changes on diseases vary from one pathosystem to another within the tetrahedron framework (humans, pathogens, crops, environment) where human beings, from individual farmers to consumers to entire societies, interact with hosts, pathogens, and the environment. This article highlights international phytopathological research addressing the effects of global and climate changes on plant diseases in a range of crops and pathosystems.

It is important research fields of global change ecology to study the influence that global climate change has on ecosystem and agroforestry, environmental factor such as water resources. And it is also important scientific basis on which to cope with climate change, to manage ecosystem adaptively and to make relevant policies. If the change of the earth system’s strength power is the ultimate concern of global climate change study, it will be to focus on questions to recognize the change of ecosystem’s structure, process, and function motivated by climate change and human activities. The earth feeds on massive diverse natural ecosystem, and diverse semi-natural semi-artificial ecosystem, which is already a result of a long-term adaption of the earth to natural environment and human activities. In that case, the adaption research of the ecosystem to the environment change plays a key role in humans getting to know what influence global changes may have on the supporting capacity of earth system. This chapter mainly concerns about the ecosystem’s adaptability. It is defined as the adaptive abilities of lowering environment changes’ negative influence and making good use of favorable opportunities when environment changes but the ecosystem tries to maintain its main functions. And this balance mechanism and adaptability of ecosystem is a basis on which to judge the influence degrees of global changes on ecosystem’s structure and function. To dig into this question, we generally study from two different perspectives, one of which is global changes’ influence on the ecosystem, and the other one is the ecosystem’s responses to these changes, which is the principal framework of this chapter.

The policy relevance of global environmental change research