Re]domesticating the “History of Moldavia” by J.A. Gebhardi in the translation of Ioan Nemișescu. Translation practices at the beginning of the 19th century

Translation Studies presents an integrated concept based on the theory and practice of translation. The author adapts linguistic approaches and methods in such a way that they may be usefully employed in the theory, practice, and analysis of literary translation. The author develops a more cultural approach through text analysis and cross-cultural communication studies. The book is a contribution to the development of translation studies as a discipline in its own right.

ABSTRACTThe history of the practice of translation in Iran dates back more than 2000 years. During all these years, translation has always played a prominent role in the process of intercultural communication between Iran and the rest of the world. The current article aims at presenting a concise account of major developments in the theory and practice of translation in Iran from antiquity to the modern time, focusing on important historical turning points, such as the Arab conquest of Iran, the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, and the Islamic Revolution of 1979, that have given rise to different translation movements in this country. The article then provides a detailed analysis of the practice and theory of translation in present Iran by addressing a whole host of issues, such as translation policy, censorship, translation industry, translation pedagogy, and so on.

This chapter comments on the theory and practice of translation from a radical feminist point of view. The chapter offers a radical view of the practice and theory of translation in counterpoint to the liberal perspective as currently dominating discussions of gender and translation and even feminist translation. It presents the 2011 translation into Japanese of Catharine MacKinnon's Women's Lives/Men's Laws, which highlights the radical feminist theoretical and activist engagement of the translators as an important contextual factor to their translation. The chapter discusses the translation and activist work of Morita and Nakasatomi and the Anti-Pornography and Prostitution Research Group (APP) to show how critical translation activity is to the forging of a global movement against the sex industry and also how critical political activity is to the successful translation of texts that reflect the core principles of the movement. Social practices that enact and entrench women's subordinate social status are the focus of radical feminist scholarship and activism.

Introduction: The Gender and Queer Politics of Translation: New Approaches

Functionalist approach to translation: A sketch To set up a framework for discussion, we shall first visit some developments in a functionalist approach to translation in recent decades. in Toward a Science of Translating (1964) and The Theory and Practice of Translation (1969, with charles R. taber), eugene A. Nida distinguishes between formal identity and dynamic equivalence in translation (e.g., Nida and taber 1969, 12) and advocates that the focus in translating should not be the “form of the message” but “the response of the receptor” (Nida and taber 1969, 1). the task of translating, then, “consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the sourcelanguage message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (Nida and taber 1969, 12). to accomplish this task, Nida proposes a three-step process in translating, starting with the grammatical and semantic analysis of the sourcelanguage text (source text), followed by transferring the components identified in the first step to the receptor’s language (target language), and finishing with a restructuring of the components in the target language (Nida and taber 1969, 33). in a later book, From One Language to Another (1986, with Jan de Waard), Nida refines his approach by replacing the expression “dynamic equivalence” with “functional equivalence” (de Waard and Nida 1986, vii) and reiterates that translating is actually communicating, and translating means translating meaning (de Waard and Nida 1986, 9ff. and 60ff.; cf. Nida 1964, 30ff. and 120ff.). Nida’s translation theory has profoundly influenced the practice of Bible translation since the 1960s, not only within the circle of the United Bible Societies but also outside it. The impact of his work also goes beyond the field of Bible translation and actually lays a basis upon which modern translation studies is founded (see, e.g., Gentzler 1993, 46). Despite all its merits, Nida’s theory of equivalence generates issues to be resolved. One critical issue is the borderline between “translation with elements of text revision” (= equivalence) and “text revision with translated element” (= non-equivalence; Nord 1997, 8). the question is how far translation can go in restructuring without crossing over the borderline and stepping into the realm of rewriting. Another issue is in what way or ways these “equivalences” can be judged

In this article we considered theory of translation as a main theory of our comparative translation English-Kyrgyz research and tendency in development of theory and practice of translation related to both English and Kyrgyz languages in linguistic space of Kyrgyzstan. In our article, we consider a set of basic issues of theory and practice of translation and clarified them. The study of following five fundamental issues of the theory and practice of translation prompted us to find out two principles of translation equivalence, as “formal-grammatical principle” and “dynamic-culturological principle” into five types of equivalence, corresponding to five levels hierarchically located equivalence of translation, and highlighted by Russian Soviet translation scholars and their Kyrgyz researchers.

Translation history is a part of cultural history and a necessary component of any literary history, but documenting it may prove to be a challenge. The present article is an attempt to describe and exemplify an ongoing project of mapping Estonian translation history through metatexts on translational issues based on the writings of translators, editors and other figures close to translation throughout Estonian literary history. The reason for collecting translational thought into one compilation lies in the importance of translation for Estonian culture both retrospectively as well as keeping in mind the future of translation and language policies and practices.The article is thematically divided into two parts. The first part is concerned with the analysis of already existing methodologies for compiling translation histories. Still, in order to get a comprehensive picture, different angles have to be considered and different methodologies applied on the material that has come down to us. Thus, what follows is the description of the ongoing project and its slightly different, empirics driven methodology.The second part of the paper gives an insight into one of the seven major topics that have emerged from the work with the texts in Estonian translation history. It is based on the discussions whether practitioners need theory, or more generally, what is translation theory and who needs it? The examples are taken from the articles and interviews with Estonian practicing translators and people close to translation such as literary critics, editors, etc. and cover the second half of the 20th century up to the contemporary times. Our aim was to show practitioners as theorists and thus narrow the gap between theory and practice of translation which has proved to be a general problem also in other cultural settings, end even currently when translation studies has established itself as a discipline. The issue has been discussed by many prominent translation studies scholars and the present article will take the opportunity to introduce their points of view.

Teatro e tradução de teatro é uma publicação multifacetada que reflete as preocupações do GTT. Assim como o grupo advoga por suas abordagens multidisciplinares, que envolve pesquisadores de Letras, História, Artes e profissionais das artes, Teatro e tradução de teatro oferece ao/à leitor(a) múltiplas abordagens de pesquisa em teatro e tradução teatral. No prefácio do livro, as organizadoras apresentam um histórico do grupo, que elenca suas produções teatrais, publicações, que vão desde reflexões teóricas e metodológicas, que priorizam o trabalho colaborativo, a traduções de peças teatrais, assim como sua ideologia como grupo. A prática tradutória é vista aqui como um “exercício crítico: crítico de si mesmo e crítico do outro” e, portanto, é um “ato poético e político” (p. 8). O livro resulta numa projeção internacional do grupo e traz capítulos escritos por pesquisadores de diversas partes do país e alguns pesquisadores internacionais. Com dezessete artigos, o livro reúne perspectivas diversas sobre tradução teatrais, desde reflexões aplicadas a estudos de caso específicos a abordagens metafóricas que não tratam do teatro em si, mas de aspectos da dramaticidade presentes em outros gêneros textuais.

The purpose of the study is to consider various definitions and approaches to the concept of idiostyle. To identify and describe the characteristic features of the idiostyle of L.E. Ulitskaya's works "Medea and her Children", "Daniel Stein, translator", as well as to compare the original texts of the novels with their translation and determine whether the idiostyle is preserved when translating these works of L.E. Ulitskaya into English. To analyze which translation techniques were used to convey the idiostyle. The purpose of the study identified the following tasks: firstly, to define the concepts of idiostyle and idiolect; secondly, to consider the difference between the concepts of idiostyle and idiolect; thirdly, to identify the features that form the idiostyle of L.E.Ulitskaya; fourthly, to consider the features of translation, the elements that form the idiostyle. The subject of the study is the idiosyncrasy and the features that form the idiosyncrasy of the works under consideration. The object of the analysis is the semantic means and grammatical structures that form the idiostyle, and the features of their translation into English. The comparative method allows us to determine whether national cultural components are preserved in translation, whether the phrases of greeting and farewell in letters change, whether the realities of Russian culture are conveyed in the texts of translations. The method of contextual analysis consists in the study of fragments of novels, and in the study of the functional specificity of words in the context used. The scientific novelty lies in the identification of idiosyncratic features based on the comparison of L.E. Ulitskaya's novels "Medea and her Children", "Daniel Stein, translator". The theoretical and practical significance is due to the possibility of applying the research results and conclusions in further development of issues of preserving idiostyle in translation, determining the content of lectures and practical classes in stylistics, linguoculturology, as well as in the construction of courses "Linguistic text analysis" and "Theory and practice of translation". As a result of the research, the most striking elements that form the idiosyncrasy of L.E.Ulitskaya were identified, namely: the use of proper names in the titles of novels, as well as letters in the texts of works, the use of phrases of greeting and farewell, rhetorical questions, anthroponyms, metaphors, repetitions.

In this article, we examine how cognitive metaphor theories might contribute to the theory and practice of poetry translation. We focus on translations from Chinese to English by Xu Yuanchong, both because he is regarded as one of China’s premier translators and because he has published a detailed theoretical framework and justification for his translations. We argue that Xu’s theory and practice of translation is based on a traditional approach to figurative language in which metaphor is regarded as purely decorative, adding no independent meaning. By identifying underlying conceptual metaphors and potential perceptual simulations in both the original Chinese and Xu’s translations, we show that the metaphors Xu substitutes for those in the original poem (often in place of sparser, more ambiguous language), changes and limits potential meanings in ways that are sometimes subtle but in other cases quite striking. We argue that contemporary cognitive linguistics theories, particularly Conceptual Metaphor Theory, and Perceptual Simulation Theory, can contribute in important ways both to creating and to evaluating translations of Chinese poetry into English.

The article studies a cognitive aspect of strategies for translating humor in movies based on the English-language version of the feature film “Pixels” and its dubbed versions in Russian and Turkish. The subject of the study is the strategies of trans­lating the humor of the film “Pixels” into Russian and Turkish. Examples of translating verbal humor into Russian and Turkish are illustrated on the basis of such research methods as compar­ative analysis, content analysis and quantitative analysis. The purpose of the article is to analyze the cognitive component within translation of humorous utterances into Russian and Turkish. The result of the study is the identification of universal strategies for translating the humor of a comedy film, where ad­aptation of cultural, phonetic, and lexical character plays the main role in Russian dubbing, and the tendency of literal trans­lation is characteristic of Turkish dubbing. The obtained results contribute to the study of the theory and practice of audiovisual translation, the theory and practice of translation, as well as the stylistics of the language. The main conclusions contribute to the methodological basis for continuing research on this topic.

Written in the form of a dialog between translator and translation theorist, this article considers both the difficulty and the necessity of a reciprocal, mutually informed relationship between translation theory and practice. The starting point of the article is my experience translating the poetry of Anja Utler, a contemporary Austrian poet whose linguistic experimentation poses a significant translation challenge. Utler's poetry functions in part by means of what she calls “interweaving” (“Verflechtung”), making use of highly polysemous words to efface boundaries between landscape, body, and language. In addition to blurring semantic lines, Utler also employs certain syntactical and grammatical characteristics of the German language (such as separable prefixes) in unorthodox ways that multiply possibilities of meaning. One of the greatest difficulties for a translator, then, is to find ways of approximating this semantic and syntactic play and innovation in a language that rarely offers a one-to-one equivalent. In addition to addressing specific practical issues in translating Utler's poetry, I consider the role that translation theory played in shaping my translation strategies, and more generally the interaction between the theoretical conceptualization of translation and its actual execution. I also describe my communication with the author, who has contributed greatly to the translation process, supporting an idea of translation as collaboration. Translation theory and practice appear less as correctives to each other than as a cooperative undertaking, part of a conversation between translator, theorist, author, and reader from which, ideally, all sides benefit in the end. By portraying this exchange as an internal dialog, I hope to demonstrate that the realms of translation practice and theory are not alien to one another, but rather engaged in constant, productive exchange, both within the mind of the individual translator/theorist and on the level of translation as a social phenomenon.

The authority and prestige of Uzbekistan are growing more and more among the peoples and countries of the world. The people of our country continue to get acquainted with the masterpieces of world literature, translated into Uzbek from other languages of the world. And our translators contribute to the enrichment of the treasury of world literature. In this respect, translation serves as a golden bridge between peoples, nations, countries. Thus, every nation in the world, getting acquainted with unique works created by other nations that enrich our spirituality, contributes to the treasury of human culture. Studying the history of the translation will help us to show the contribution of Uzbek literature and our translators to the treasury of world literature, to show the role and place of Uzbek literature in the context of world literature, and to determine the importance of translation in the development of world science and culture. Translation activity occupies a specifc place in the system of the national literature with a centuries-old literary tradition. Without studying the history of translation, it is impossible to fully cover the history of national literature and determine by what laws it developed, which schools of translation were formed at different times, and what role they played in world culture. Muhammad al-Khorezmi, al-Fergani, Abu Ali ibn Sino, Abu Raikhan al-Beruni, Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Kashgari, az-Zamakhshari, Yusuf Khos Khojib, Ulugbek, Alisher Navoi, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, and other thinkers who lived and created their works in various regions of the East, in particular, on the territory of our country, along with the creation of original works, they also translated the masterpieces of world science, culture, art, history, literature, etc. Today scientists from different countries of the world conduct various studies on the theory and practice of translation. Interest in the study of the history of translation is also growing in Uzbekistan. This article examines and analyzes such issues as the history of some translation schools of the East, the stages of development of translation activities in the world in the historical aspect, the development of translation activities in Central Asia, in particular in Uzbekistan, history, and mastery of translation in the East.

Poetry translation, possibly the most debated form of translation, has been an important subject of discourse in Greece, especially since the 19th century, when significant Greek poets started translating poetical works into Modern Greek. The aim of this paper is to briefly present the work of Aristotelis Nikolaidis as poet-translator. Taking into consideration the fact that his translation of Eliot’s Collected Poems, 1909-1962 has been largely ignored, remaining thus unknown to the wider public, an attempt is made to explore aspects of his translation practice and, more importantly, his viewpoints on translation that reveal his true interest in its theoretical and practical problems. To this end, the paper examines Nikolaidis’ translation of The Waste Land within DTS, focusing on some of his microlevel choices and, especially, on syntax and grammar. The evaluation of the target-text based on the shifts witnessed is not part of the study carried out; instead, the ultimate goal is to examine the effect of the poet’s beliefs on his translation choices and, by extent, the relationship between translation theory and practice. Finally, the paper aspires at stressing the important role of poetry translation in Modern Greek literature, pinpointing the need for a systematic study of the translations produced by Greek poets over the last two centuries.

This article studies the development of twentieth century translation theory. This was a period during which significant theoretical contributions were made in both secular and Bible translation circles. These contributions have had a profound impact on the practice of translation throughout the twentieth century and since. The individuals who contributed to the present state of translation theory worked in both secular and Bible translation circles and this article examines contributions from both. A select history of theoretical developments, focusing on the most important ideas relevant to Bible translation work is given in order to examine the impact of such theories in the practice of Bible translation. These include the philosophical approaches of the early twentieth century; the linguistic era of the 1950s and 1960s; the rise of functionalism and descriptive translation studies; and, finally, the emergence of postcolonial and related foreignising approaches.