Radiation of gadgets along with happiness index analysis using Herbal Homa therapy through IoT: a sustainable way of living in smart cities of 21st century

This paper analyzes the factors affecting the happiness of smart city residents, uses principal component analysis method and random forest method, and uses SPSS, SPSSPRO and other software to analyze and process the data. First, it establishes the evaluation index of the happiness of smart city residents, and then evaluates the measures that can improve the happiness of residents in the construction of smart city. Finally, reasonable development suggestions for the construction of smart cities are put forward through forecasting and processing. Research background and theoretical literature. Find out the relevant theoretical basis, and finally determine the reasonable research method. The index of resident happiness is designed from the perspective of smart economic happiness, smart political happiness, smart public service happiness, smart security management happiness, and smart ecological environment happiness, and is used as the index factor of principal component analysis. The model of influencing urban residents' happiness under smart city. According to the resident data, the principal component analysis method is constructed, and then the random forest model is used to test, and finally the weight of the influencing factors of residents' happiness under the smart city is obtained.

The intensive growth of the world's population in the 20th and 21st centuries and the expansion of cities indicate the importance they now have on socio-economic development. Therefore, cities become a segment of society whose sustainability is necessary to achieve the wider sustainability of the planet. In these efforts, special emphasis is placed on smart cities (those that actively embrace new technologies) as a potential solution to urban sustainability. Due to several reasons, the lack of knowledge of how local governments should apply the idea of a smart city, as well as the lack of evaluation of the sustainability results achieved by smart cities, it is still not clear whether smart city practices lead to environmental, economic and social sustainability. This paper aims to shed light on the question of whether cities can become smart while maintaining their unsustainability in the process. Through a systematic review of the literature on smart and sustainable cities, the current situation in the developed world was analysed and opportunities, threats, advantages and weaknesses were identified in terms of the implementation of the concept of sustainable development through smart cities.

Along with the rapid development of information and communication technologies in the 21st century, implementation of innovative urban development practices and approaches has become a pivotal trend and direction of contemporary urbanization process. Smart cities are considered to be the main practical outcomes of innovative urban development. Meanwhile, the concepts of "smart city" and sustainability are mutually connected and determined: thus, the concept of "smart sustainable city" has emerged to characterize the use of smart and innovative urban technologies for achieving long-term and balanced urban development in socio-economic, institutional, cultural, and environmental aspects. Innovative urban development gets a particular significance for the U.S., taking into account the great share of country's urban population (above 80%), distribution of large and densely-settled urbanized areas across the country, as well as the uniqueness of the factor of urbanization in American lifestyle, economy, and social relations. The theoretical section of this paper is devoted to the study of aforementioned theoretical ideas and peculiarities of innovative urban development smart sustainable cities. It is followed by a practical section, where relevant cases of 5 American smart cities (New York City, San Francisco, Columbus, Austin and Chicago) were studied, compared and summarized.

The growing problems in the cities, caused by the overpopulation, increased economic growth, the loss of natural resources, are creating the necessity of decision-making referring to the different economic, social and environmental issues. In the twenty-first century, the world faces such challenges, which has made people and city governances more concerned about ensuring the high quality of life and sustainable development of the urban systems. There are different definitions for smart cities, but the universal one is that a smart city is the city which satisfies the needs of people and meets different challenges. The ‘smart cities’ is a new concept and it measures not how smart the city is, but the city’s efforts to make itself smart—sustainable development, sound economic growth, and when the urban system adapts itself to the users’ needs. The smart city concept incorporates good urban planning, use of digital technologies, networks of technologies, networks of people who work together well, a change in the way of thinking, the transformation of the city governments for successful smart cities and applying the participatory approach. That’s why in order for to make a city smart, it is necessary to apply different innovative approaches and solutions and to use information and communication technologies. Smart cities utilize IoT (Internet of Things) sensors, actors and technologies to connect different components across the city from the air to the streets, to the underground. Cities have similar problems—traffic-stricken streets, poor public transport, air pollution, etc., but some of them are successfully managed to solve these problems. In this report, we will discuss good practices and experiences from different cities, which use technologies and communications to become smart, such as sensors for free parking spots, smart traffic lights, the use of energy-saving solutions, online platforms for creating solutions, bicycle lanes, smart waste management. The city will be considered as a living laboratory for experiments, some of them successful, other necessary and yet other still looking too abstract at the moment. The reason will be sought how some cities can use new technologies to make them look more efficient, competitive, functional and livable for citizens. This report is presented in 4 sections, including the foregoing introduction. Section “What is the concept for Smart Cities?” introduces the concepts for smart city innovations. Section “Good practices for Smart Cities” exposes the cases of development of smart cities in Barcelona and others. Section 3 discovers how some cities can elaborate and develop innovative approaches for a smart city, but others cannot. This section will reveal incentives and tools for the development of smart cities. Section 4 is for conclusion and aims to show how policy makers, NGO and citizens to identify cities which can be developed as smart cities and different solutions and practices how cities can become smarter through appropriate tools.

Smart cities are rapidly evolving concept-transforming urban developments in the 21st century. Smart cities use advanced technologies and data analytics to improve the quality of life for their citizens, increase the efficiency of infrastructure and services, and promote sustainable economic growth. Smart cities integrate multiple domains, including transportation, energy, health, education, and governance, to create an interconnected and intelligent urban environment. Our research study methodology was a structured literature review using Web of Science and Google Scholar and ten smart city research questions. The research questions included smart city definitions, advantages, disadvantages, implementation challenges, funding, types of applications, quantitative techniques for analysis, and prioritization metrics. In addition, our study analyzes the implementation of smart city solutions in international contexts and proposes strategies to overcome implementation challenges. The integration of technology and data-driven solutions in smart cities has the potential to revolutionize urban living by providing citizens with personalized and accessible services. However, the implementation also presents challenges, including data privacy concerns, unequal access to technology, and the need for collaboration across private, public, and government sectors. This study provides insights into the current state and future prospects of smart cities and presents an analysis of the challenges and opportunities they present. In addition, we propose a concise definition for smart cities: “Smart cities use digital technologies, communication technologies, and data analytics to create an efficient and effective service environment that improves urban quality of life and promotes sustainability”. Smart cities represent a promising avenue for urban development. As cities continue to grow and face increasingly complex challenges, the integration of advanced technologies and data-driven solutions can help to create more sustainable communities.

The twenty-first century is deemed as the century of cities. The rapid and haphazard development of cities worldwide has, however, been faced with unprecedented challenges, ranging from typical concerns like population congestion and pollution to new and emerging risks like pandemics to cyberattacks. In the backdrop of these widespread contemporary challenges, the evolving notions of “smart city” and “resilient city” are now being widely recognized as policy-level pathways for enhancing the quality of life and sustaining urban livelihoods. Although both the visions have considerable overlaps between their meanings and relationships, their ground-level implementation continues to be done in a discrete manner. Recognizing the need for an integrated approach toward smart and resilient cities, this chapter discusses five good practices of smart city developments from around the world (Guwahati, India; Kathmandu, Nepal; Beijing, China; Surabaya, Indonesia; Takamatsu, Japan), wherein the notion of resilience has been effectively integrated. It is hoped that the lessons derived through these existing cases will provide a broader understanding to researchers worldwide, while also paving the way for policy-level deliberations to realize integrated smart and resilient city development.KeywordsSmart cityResilient cityInformation and communication technologyDisaster risk reductionIntegrated approach

What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities?

Gusti Ayu Made Suartika Master Program in Architecture - Planning and Development, Udayana University, Denpasar Campus, 80232, Bali-Indonesia.Email: ayusuartika@unud.ac.idCities are contingent on the historical forces that have shaped their development. Among these are colonization, industrialization, technology, and information. Today the Smart City has emerged as one possible answer to the emergent problems of urbanization in the 21st century. It joins a multitude of concepts and ideas that address daily life in the post-industrial world of informational capitalism – the sustainable city, the creative city, the green city, and the liveable city – and the Smart City that now seems to resonate with urban administrations and urban designers worldwide. The question is what is it?Cities are merely reflections of the political economy of their own history. They are acts of imagination that combine use values and exchange values, political elites and poverty, fixed and mobile capital, multi-modal transport systems, and a chessboard of land uses that reflect urban politics, investment strategies, densities and class distinctions, histories, and expectations. There is no ‘one size fits all’, and cities worldwide contain a vast range of differences. On the basis of capitalist urbanization, most cities grow by consuming themselves – by destroying the old to build the new in an effort to reduce crime, pollution, waste disposal, amenity, security and to increase the rate of commodity circulation to generate wealth.All historical periods have advanced on three fronts; first, the stockpiling of capital; second, the progression of ideologies that inform development and third, technological advancement. The smart city paradigm falls into the latter category. It is firmly committed to informational technology and informational capital to fuel progress. Given this commitment, the problem is that human interests may be subsumed to technological ‘efficiency’, forgetting that what is human and what is technical, are not homologous. A central problem, therefore, is how to temper the use of technology with democratic politics and the voice of the people.Today’s social system has been described as ‘the Network Society’ - the product of informational capitalism. This has entailed massive shifts in power, identity and traditional concepts of place as the virtual world of the space of flows reconfigures the material world in a diversity of forms. In the process, many cities thrive, while others sink in a sea of decay. Development is not democratic, and those cities that become hard-wired fastest also have the economic advantage as well, attracting a new ‘creative class’ of intellectuals, artists, business people, and professionals who then support a plethora of new urban spaces. As a resolution to the above problems, the smart city is therefore not merely a neutral technological fix. It is infused with problems that need to be interrogated if a more humane as opposed to a more efficient environment is to emerge.As we might expect, the smart city is frequently lauded as a panacea for all ills. To test this idea, the third International Conference on Smart City Innovation (ICSCI)-2020 provided space for all forms of critique and debate in order to test the reality of the smart city in theory and practice, and as a viable strategy for future urbanization. In so doing, this conference was conducted to embrace the following four themes and extended topics:1. Energy & environment:(a) Sustainable energy storage system for urban built environment;(b) Urban energy system, security and sustainability2. Infrastructure:(a) Sustainable urban mobility(b) Sustainable urban water management(c) Sustainable regional development3. Information and communication technologies/ICT and mobility:(a) Extending urban healthcare services to rural areas(b) Internet of things/IoT4. Quality of life:(a) Urban housing infrastructure, policy & technology(b) Live-able urban environment(c) Urban healthcare servicesIn contrast to the previous two ICSCI gatherings, the conduct of the 2020 exposition was organized in conjunction with the 13th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Energy Engineering (RCEneE). This collaboration was completely executed in online mode using Webex. This rationale was decided in response to the ongoing development of the Covid-19 pandemic that started at the end of year 2019 and has had a devastating global impact. Despite regretfully being unable to proceed on the basis of face-to-face encounter, the conference was successfully delivered. It was engaging and well supported, and the Committee would like to express its sincere appreciation to all of those who made this event possible. Thank you.

This research offers valuable perspectives on the nexus between urbanization and the smart environment within the Najran city, Saudi Arabian context. Najran City, with its diverse districts and evolving urban landscape, is at the forefront of adopting advanced technologies and participatory governance models to create a resilient, environmentally conscious, and sustainable urban environment, likewise positioning itself as a model of smart urban development but is also fostering an innovation-driven community equipped to address the difficulties and exploit the prospects given by the 21st century. The study systematically analyzes the multifaceted factors of smart city variables in Saudi Arabia and their direct impact on urban sustainability through extensive quantitative investigations. This study reveals the positive correlations between smart city attributes, on the attainment of urban sustainability. In order words, the smart city’s attributes such as IoT (Internet of Things) devices, smart infrastructure, and data-driven solutions are linked to the creation of a resilient urban environment in the face of urbanization and sustainability challenges. On the other hand, the study noted that the integration of smart technologies might lead to unintended consequences in urban planning. For example, an overemphasis on technology may overshadow human-centric approaches, which might potentially affect the community well-being and social cohesion. Study’s insights provide policymakers, urban planners, and players with an in-depth knowledge of the pathways to harness smart city attributes for sustainable Najran urban development. The implications of this research extend beyond the borders of Saudi Arabia, serving as a valuable reference for regions worldwide grappling with similar urbanization and sustainability challenges in the 21st century. By harnessing the potential of smart cities, Saudi Arabia and other nations can pave the way for greener, more resilient urban futures.

In the twenty-first century, so many technological paradigms emerged as the result of the technological advancement of information and communication technology (ICT). Many of the technologies were used as an aid for fulfilling human needs and mitigating many of the problems associated with the environment and making everyone connected. In order to mitigate the problem of rapid urbanization smart city concept has emerged and it is being used to streamline the functions of urban cities and make the lives of citizens more easy and convenient. In a typical smart city context, citizens are already interconnected via smart mobile devices and wearable devices. The hospitals, vehicles, houses, traffic surveillance systems, public places, and other social systems in the city are all connected over the Internet, which is known as the Internet of Things (IoT). This will contribute to unprecedented changes in the condition of life in the city. In public care, public safety, emergency management, and disaster recovery, these pervasive systems which are linked through the Internet can assist citizens with greater benefits. The world is now witnessing a boom of smart cities. Although smart cities have many advantages, such as creating new economic and social possibilities, there are many challenges, such as security and privacy. These security and privacy challenges include unauthorized access to information and attacks that cause physical interruptions in the provision of city services. As all people in the city are linked to each other through the underlying ubiquitous communication technologies in the smart city, security problems can arise as a result of the vulnerabilities present in the city infrastructure, communication networks, and human errors. Different applications used in smart cities can also present new vulnerabilities, so the attackers can gain access to information which is highly confidential. The purpose of this study is to provide an extensive analysis of security and privacy problems in smart cities.KeywordsInternet of ThingsCybersecurityIoTICTCyber-physical systemsSmart citiesUrbanization

Urbanization is an emerging topic in the 21st century, with 68% of the world’s population expected to shift from rural to urban areas by 2050. One of the remarkable dynamics of this process has been industrial revolutions, where disruptive technologies have empowered social and physical infrastructures to create new standards of prosperous and successful cities. At the center of the fourth industrial revolution, the ‘smart city’ has become a paradigm for what constitutes one of these new, prosperous, and successful cities. However, there is no common definition of a smart city; rather, the notion and vision of a smart city embraces multiple meanings and pathways. The Pacific Rim possesses some of the greatest economies as well as the largest smart city network in the world; however, ‘smartness’ does not make these cities in the region less vulnerable to the menace of climate change, widening socio-spatial inequality, and overcrowded urban cores. To seek an improved understanding of how Pacific Rim smart cities can cope with these ongoing challenges as well as the further rapid development of disruptive technologies, this chapter presents a systematic review of 141 studies of smart cities that were published from 1990 to 2018. The findings illustrate the evolution of smart cities, from their very first empirical appearance in Europe in 1994, through their insignificant development until 2010, and then a booming rise in their appearance in academic literature over the last decade. Through different chronological, geographical, and framework analyses, the chapter provides a holistic mapping toward a smart city biography and its association with economic advancement, constitutional supports, and innovative technologies.

Smart cities and E-governance in smart cities has been the emerging topic in this twenty-first century. The rapid developments and experiences in advancing and utilizing the applications of smart city for the continuous smart E-governance have evolved as an interesting topic to concentrate. According to Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the aims and paradigm of the smart city are to provide an integrated infrastructure and manage proper E-governance with a mission of next-generation cities. The smart delivery services which are opting the ICT-based E-governance are facilitated with an interactivity, say Internet through which the citizens can enjoy the best facilities of smart city. As the growing popularity of smart city and its applications, the communication between the government and the citizens is also raising the possibility of infringement attempts. To address this issue, we come up with an advanced multi-factor user authentication scheme which can be utilized for the smart E-governance applications in smart cities. The lightweight nature of our scheme and resistance to many network attacks, including low computational overhead show beyond doubt that our scheme is efficient and applicable to E-governance applications in smart city. A formal verification performed using AVISPA tool confirms the security of the proposed scheme.

21st century has witnessed a profound metamorphosis in human civilization, primarily driven by the confluence of advanced network technologies and industrial modernization. This transformative period has expanded our understanding of the world, paving the way for innovative concepts such as the “smart city”. At its essence, a smart city harnesses the power of artificial intelligence (AI) to revolutionize urban living, presenting a paradigm shift towards more efficient service models and an elevated standard of living for its inhabitants. Integrating AI into the fabric of urban infrastructure marks a monumental leap in societal evolution, underscoring the imperative to cultivate and advance AI technologies. This paper endeavors to elucidate the multifaceted applications of AI within the domains of smart cities, illuminating its pivotal role in shaping and advancing our contemporary era. From intelligent transportation systems and energy management to public safety and healthcare, AI permeates various aspects of urban life, ushering in unprecedented efficiencies and novel solutions to age-old challenges. The symbiotic relationship between AI and smart cities is explored in detail, showcasing how AI technologies are instrumental in optimizing resource allocation, improving decision-making processes, and ultimately enhancing the overall quality of life. Furthermore, this paper delves into the imperative of fostering the development and advancement of AI technologies within the context of smart cities. It underscores the interconnectedness of technological progress and urban development, emphasizing how a concerted effort to cultivate AI capabilities can propel cities into a future marked by sustainable growth, resilience, and innovation. The exploration of challenges and opportunities in deploying AI within urban environments adds a critical dimension to the discourse, encouraging a balanced consideration of ethical, regulatory, and societal implications. In conclusion, this paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding smart cities and the transformative impact of AI. By shedding light on the diverse applications of AI within urban landscapes and emphasizing its pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of our era, it underscores the critical importance of advancing AI technology development for the continued progress of smart cities and, by extension, the broader global community.

The 21st century, which we live in today, is rapidly changing based on the fourth industrial revolution and information and communication technology. According to change, existing urban models are emerging as smart cities. Smart City is a sustainable city that improves urban functions of various elements by applying information and communication convergence technology and environment friendly technology to urban space and solves urban problems that are occurring now. Energy, a core element of the city, enables efficient energy management of energy systems through an Internet of Things-based platform. The Internet of Things is a technology that sends and receives data by attaching sensors to various objects through a network. The goal is to use resources efficiently as the Internet of Things is spread and various industries are applied. This paper is a prediction study based on machine learning algorithms for efficient use of energy infrastructure in the Smart City. The proposed system builds the optimal Smart City by estimating energy efficiency of the Smart City and improving resource utilization.

Introduction. With the increase in urban population and the growth of citizens’ expectations, the development of smart cities – with the support and integration of digital technologies – should become one of the greatest achievements of humanity in the 21st century.Cities on our planet, from small regional communities to global mega-hubs, from the most ancient cities to the modern ones, focus on developing and implementing smart city initiatives to make them more efficient, sustainable, attractive to citizens and stimulate economic growth.Methods. Comparative and critical analysis was used to identify patterns of smart city generations formation and to find the problems of their functioning in different corners of our planet. Additionally, the mentioned methods and the method of modeling helped us to highlight the components of the concept presented through the drawing and enabled the visual presentation of its generations’ characteristics in the table.Results. The essence of the concept of “smart city”, its theoretical and applied aspects are considered. The main characteristics of the smart cities generations are defined as an innovative model for managing the socio-economic development of large cities. The most successful projects of smart city іmplementation in the world in such cities as Santander, Songdo, Masdar, Rio de Janeiro and Singapore are analyzed. It is proved that smart city is a modern model of urban transformation with the use of information and communication technologies for solving the most complex problems and development of innovations, active involvement of the citizens in the transformation process. It is a place where conditions for the development of the community and every person are created as a key driving force in fostering economic and social growth in which information technologies allow to change qualitatively the management system.Discussion. The prospects for further development of the study are to explore the experience of implementing Generation 3.0 in the top world smart cities and ways of its introduction in Ukraine, as this is the key to the economic uplift and social progress of the world.