Racialization of Roma, European Modernity, and the Entanglement of Empires

Feminist theory and critical race studies have often and long been considered to have separate and incompatible, indeed oppositional histories. This essay hopes to show that they not only share theoretical ground but offer critical interventions in the discourses and practices, both institutionalized and marginalized, of race and gender. This also means that both feminist theory and critical race studies are invested in analyzing the ground of representation, especially as it pertains to how we read literary and cultural texts. This essay will trace the contours of this common ground, highlighting the productive negotiations that have taken place between feminist theory and critical race studies. These interchanges have enabled the formulation of what I will refer to throughout as “feminist critical race studies.” Such a critical studies emerges out of two tendencies within theorizations of race and gender. Over the past fifty years, at least since the era of civil rights and women’s rights struggles in the 1960s, race and gender have been variously represented as being “parallel, “intersecting,” and “overlapping” systems of identity formation that structure social relations. Each of these ways of describing the relationship between race and gender persists in seeing race and gender as separate social systems. Feminist critical race studies challenges this distinctness and instead posits an articulation of race and gender.

W.E.B. Du Bois’s writings on race remain relevant and contribute to both contemporary racial and educational discourse— especially the emerging field of critical race studies in education—for four fundamental reasons. The meaning of race has always meandered, as the very idea of race has consistently traveled far and wide since its inception. Du Bois’s concepts of race harbor an inherent and radical humanism that is often complex and seemingly contradictory but which nonetheless is part and parcel of his overarching transdisciplinary trajectory. Du Bois was also an early exponent of the race/class thesis that contended that, although class struggle had been a part of human history for several centuries, the modern concept of race and the insidious socio-political practice of racism— of course, coupled with capitalism and colonialism— exacerbated class conflicts among both the racial colonizers and the racially colonized. Race and racism were European modernity’s weapons of choice in its efforts to establish global capitalism.

Guest Editor’s Introduction: Critical Philosophy of Caste and Race

Abstract: A solid understanding of the history of jazz is crucial for young students preparing for their careers as professional jazz musicians. It is also important for them to know how jazz influenced recent pop/commercial music and what made jazz so unique in different eras. The increasing availability of textbooks on the history of jazz has widely contributed to the need for courses on the subject and included a massive amount of information, but is there any other way to engage students in learning and listening in class without textbooks? Could there be innovative ideas beyond traditional lectures to keep the class fun and vibrant? This article focuses on teaching jazz history in an interactive way by providing templates of assignments, slides, and handouts based on presentations of primary and secondary resources. With primary resources (such as recordings, photographs, and transcribed interviews) and secondary resources (album reviews, for example), students will be able to comprehend and examine historical facts critically.

Review of rhenium extraction and recycling technologies from primary and secondary resources

IMG ER: A System for Microbial Genome Annotation Expert Review and Curation Victor M. Markowitz 1, *, Konstantinos Mavromatis 2 , Natalia N. Ivanova 2 , I-Min A. Chen 1 , Ken Chu 1 , and Nikos C. Kyrpides 2 Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA Genome Biology Program , DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Dr., Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA ABSTRACT A rapidly increasing number of microbial genomes are sequenced by organizations worldwide and are eventually included into various public genome data resources. The quality of the annotations depends largely on the original dataset providers, with erroneous or incomplete annotations often carried over into the public resources and difficult to correct. We have developed an Expert Review (ER) version of the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) system, with the goal of supporting systematic and efficient revision of microbial genome annotations. IMG ER provides tools for the review and curation of annotations of both new and publicly available microbial genomes within IMG’s rich integrated genome framework. New genome datasets are included into IMG ER prior to their public release either with their native annotations or with annotations generated by IMG ER’s annotation pipeline. IMG ER tools allow addressing annotation problems detected with IMG’s comparative analysis tools, such as genes missed by gene prediction pipelines or genes without an associated function. Over the past year, IMG ER was used for improving the annotations of about 150 microbial genomes. INTRODUCTION A rapidly increasing number of microbial genomes are sequenced by organizations worldwide, undergo similar annotation procedures, and are eventually included into public genome data resources. First, raw (“read”) sequences of microbial genomes are assembled into longer “contigs” (contiguous sequences) in order to produce “draft” genome sequences, with draft genomes sometimes “finished” by closing gaps between contigs. Next, annotation pipelines are used for predicting genes and determining their functional roles in draft or finished genomes. Subsequently, annotated microbial genome sequences are submitted to/collected by primary archival public sequence data repositories, such as Genbank (Benson et al. 2009), which perform data validation on genome datasets in order to ensure consistency of their format and, to a certain degree, their content. Datasets in these resources have different degrees of precision and resolution due to diverse annotation methods employed by individual data providers. Secondary public resources, such as NCBI’s RefSeq (Pruitt et al. 2007), further process microbial genome data from primary resources with the dual goals of providing the most current view on microbial genome sequences and of gradually increasing the quality and completeness of their associated functional annotations via manual curation and computation. In addition to public primary and secondary resources, microbial genome datasets are incorporated into a variety of tertiary resources, such as SEED (Overbeek et al. 2005) and IMG To whom correspondence should be addressed.

This article analyzes the relationship between Roma people and the law by combining two different theoretical approaches, one focusing on legal culture, the other drawing on critical Romani studies. The resulting analytical model supports: 1) the adoption of a multi-level and interpretative approach to examining legal culture, and 2) the focus on the processes of racialization and discrimination implemented by the dominant society, especially within the legal field. The analysis brings to light the mutually-influencing relations between dominant stereotypes about Roma and Sinti people on the one hand, and Italy’s legal culture and sentencing on the other. This topic is examined in relation to the Italian and the wider European historical, political and cultural context, since the way in which legal actors see Roma and Sinti people is strongly influenced by their social and political milieu, and by historically-originated dominant cultural repertoires.

<i>Security Theology, Surveillance, and the Politics of Fear</i> by Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian

Our planet has limited resources, and due to our increasing demands on a variety of products, we rely on the availability of primary and secondary resources.This paper will give an overview on the required information received from processing secondary resources.It is possible to assess the quality of the generated material fl ows with this information.By describing the material characteristics and the material fl ow uncertainties, a forecast of the material's future potential to replace primary resources may be possible.Future prospects of the quality of secondary resources, including their input and output properties may be helpful to assess their potential to substitute primary resource for example.It is the contribution of the paper to point out the necessity of knowing the whole life cycle of a product to gain the best available end-of-life option.The case study of scrap tire recycling gives an example of assessing the material's properties.Modeling recycling processes offers the potential of identifying the processing steps with regard to the main material fl ows and emissions to reduce the environmental impact and improve the economics.Material fl ow analysis and life cycle assessment can support the determination of the future potential of waste streams entering the recycling process.Some material fl ows are appropriate to replace primary resources without loss of quality.But other materials are only useful for products with minor quality.Some materials are made to never separate by itself, and therefore pure material fl ows are impossible to achieve.A model that considers different material properties of material fl ows helps to evaluate the global recycling potential.Therefore, material qualities have to be defi ned to make an assessment of sustainable management of secondary resources possible.A concept of developing a model that addresses this issue is presented in this paper.The aim of the model is to predict secondary material fl ows that are of equal quality of primary material fl ows.These material fl ows are then suitable to substitute primary resources which results in global savings in resources, both material and energy.

Data visualisation reveals patterns and provides insights that lead to actions from management, thereby playing a mediating role in the relationship between the internal resources of a firm and its financial performance. In this chapter, contingent resource-based theory is applied to the analysis of big data, treating its visualisation as a mode of interdisciplinary communication. In service industries in general and the legal industry in particular, big data analytics (BDA) is emerging as a decision-making tool for management to achieve competitive advantage. Traditionally, data scientists have delved into data armed with a hypothesis, but increasingly they explore data to discern patterns that lead to hypotheses that are then tested. These big data analytics tools in the hands of data scientists have the potential to unlock firm value and increase revenue and profits, through pattern identification, analysis, and strategic action. This exploratory mode of working can increase complexity and thereby diminish efficient management decision-making and action. However, data pattern visualisation reduces complexity, as it enables interdisciplinary communication between data scientists and managers through the translation of statistical patterns into visualisations that enable actionable management decisions. When data scientists visualise data patterns for managers, this translates uncertainty into reliable conclusions, resulting in effective management decision-making and action. Informed by contingent resource theory and viewing these primary and secondary resources as independent variables and performance outcomes such as revenue and profitability as dependent variables, a conceptual framework is developed. The contingent resource-based theory highlights capabilities emerging from the interrelationship between primary and secondary resources as being central to competitiveness and profitability. Data decision-making systems are viewed as a primary resource, while complementary resources are (1) their completeness of vision (i.e., strategy and innovation) and (2) their ability to execute (i.e., operational capabilities). Data visualisation is therefore crucial as a resource facilitating actionable decisions by management, which in turn enhances firm performance. The balance between expert agents' self-reliance and central control, the entity's values, task attributes, and risk appetite all moderate the type of data visualisation produced by data scientists.

The interplay between race and technology has captured the attention of scholars in sociology, communication, media studies, and beyond. Previous research has focused on a range of topics including the centrality of race to the structure and function of the Internet, critiques of digital divide studies, and the phenomenon of Black Twitter. Although a robust history of critical race and digital studies exists, there has yet to be a definitive overview that traces the development of this important field. In this review, I fill this gap by delineating a genealogy of critical race and digital studies by mapping the intellectual terrain of the field. To do this, I begin with a broad overview of the history of Internet studies before reviewing key areas in the field of critical race and digital studies, including colorblind studies of the web, digital divide studies, and Black Twitter. I conclude with a focus on the ways that this body of literature can be brought forth to critically understand the implications of emerging areas of academic debate on studies of race and technology.

In the article, the research results on the effectiveness of overflow technique in multi-service networks have been presented. Two kinds of overflows have been considered: overflow between primary resources (the same level of hierarchy), i.e., mutual overflow; and traffic overflow between primary and secondary resources, i.e., hierarchical overflow. In the first place, a traffic offered to the specific primary resources, when they are busy, is forwarded to neighboring primary resources. In the case, when the request cannot be handled by any of primary resources, it is overflowed to secondary resources. Additionally, in the research threshold compression mechanism was considered, according to which - for certain levels of resource occupancy - a reduced amount of resources is allocated for new requests in respect to the requested amount. The effectiveness of the overflow and compression mechanisms has been evaluated using the blocking probability, number of the served requests and amount of the carried traffic. The outcome of the work can be used in planning and dimensioning of multi -service systems with separated resources, e.g. in data centres.

Race fundamentally structures the modern world and shapes the lived experiences of so-called Global North and South actors. Yet, the nexus between race and development is insufficiently addressed in critical development studies. This chapter analyses how development scholarship, policy, and practice are fundamentally raced, using a broad range of disciplinary conventions from philosophy, critical race studies, literary criticism, postcolonial studies, anthropology, and so on. It explores development over the longue durée, assessing how its historical antecedents—slavery, colonialism, imperialism—and its contemporary manifestations—globalisation, neoliberalism—have produced racialised 'phenotypic others' and hierarchies of race and place. In the chapter, I explore critical race theories and how they graft on to concepts of development; examine key historical and contemporary moments in which race has been deployed implicitly or explicitly to justify development interventions; demonstrate how race intersects with other social qualifiers such as gender, class, caste, and ethnicity to influence development outcomes in the so-called Global North and South; and provide readers with the tools to repeatedly speak and write race into development. I also assert that critical development studies has much to learn from critical race studies and that the two fields of scholarly inquiry must be in conversation with one another in order to address inequalities within and between countries.

The sustainable use of metals demands consideration not only of primary metals in the natural environment but also of secondary metals in society as alternative resources. This study applied our proposed classification framework of secondary resources to copper (1) to investigate the applicability of the framework and (2) to assess the secondary copper reserves and resources of selected countries. To estimate secondary copper reserves, we introduced the variable "secondary reserve ratio": the fraction of in-use copper stocks that is technically and economically recoverable. Our estimates showed that the United States and China have secondary copper reserves of 44 and 33 Mt, respectively, and showed that global secondary copper reserves are about 30% of global primary reserves. The application of the classification framework showed that considerable amounts of secondary copper resources are in landfills, which are potential targets of future extraction of secondary copper through landfill mining. Overall, the classification framework provides a better understanding of the current size of available secondary resources and waste deposits. It also highlights the need for integrated management of primary and secondary resources.

A review of biocyanidation as a sustainable route for gold recovery from primary and secondary low-grade resources