Racialising Irishness: The 2004 citizenship referendum and its enduring legacy

This article re-theorises the 2004 Citizenship Referendum, in first theorising ‘Ireland’ as a 32-counties occupied territory spread over two racial states, and as Britain's first colony. Second, the article theorises citizenship as a badge of social subjection and a measure of standing exclusively granted by racial states. Unpicking the meaning of citizenship, the article explores the impact of coloniality on the reconstruction of Irish citizenship as white supremacy. Third, the article proposes that the Citizenship Referendum resulted from the postcolonial Irish bourgeoisie wishing to emulate England, rather than continue to rebel against the ongoing British colonisation of Ireland. In conclusion, I follow McVeigh and Rolston in proposing that in view of the rise in ‘whiteness riots’ in Ireland north and south, our anti-racism scholarship and activism must re-focus not only on the abolition of the racist citizenship regime, but also aim to end Ireland's unfinished revolution.

In June 2004, the Irish voted in a referendum which proposed to restrict access to Irish citizenship. After several weeks of heated debate, the Citizenship Referendum was approved by almost 80 % of the electorate. This article describes the legal context which existed before June 2004 to determine who was entitled to Irish citizenship. It then studies the debate surrounding the proposed referendum, analyses the arguments put forward by both sides and tries to establish the extent to which racism could have been a factor in the massive Yes vote. It describes briefly the changes which took place in legislation after the referendum. To conclude, it looks at the government's citizenship motives in calling the referendum.

Chapter 6 focuses on a watershed moment in Irish history in defining a legal sense of belonging: the Irish citizenship referendum of 2004. It is contrasted with another kind of belonging performed through the ritual of Christian baptism. It focuses on a baptismal ritual conducted in Limerick 10 days after the citizenship referendum. Through an analysis of two communion songs sung by Trinity Choir (an African women’s ensemble) and Elikya Choir (a Congolese-led Choir) it argues that the sung, ritualized performance of belonging gained a heightened significance in the face of the rejection by the Irish state of so many of “the new Irish.”

The purpose of the article is to consider one of the aspects of the life history of Ukrainian Germans on the territory of our country, which today attracts the attention of many politicians, writers, and scientists. It was established that there were many complications in the development of this ethnic group, starting with economic, political, and religious problems. In this regard, it is relevant to turn to the study of the experience accumulated by previous generations of ethnic Germans. So, on the example of studying the activities of the Shteingel family, it is possible to trace the adaptation processes that accompanied foreigners during their life on the territory of Ukraine. Every historical era has examples of state and public figures who made a significant contribution to the prosperity of their Motherland. Often, such activity became a family affair, as it happened in the German families of Falz-Fein, Bunge, Kornis, Struve, Schmidt, Folbort, and others. Its representatives were distinguished by public service, as well as political activity. The methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity and scientificity. Such methods as historical-genetic, analytical-synthetic, the method of comparative analysis, retrospective, historical-typological, the method of local history were used. Scientific novelty. In the scientific study, attention is focused on the figure of the famous public and political figure Baron Fyodor (Theodor) Rudolphovich Shteingel, who became a phenomenon in the history of state formation of Ukraine in the most critical times, namely at the end of the 19th – in the first half of the 20th century. The research reveals the activities of an outstanding social and political figure, philanthropist, extraordinary envoy and minister plenipotentiary of the Ukrainian State in Germany, deputy head of the Ukrainian Scientific Society in Kyiv, founder of the Horodotsky Museum – the first secular museum in Volyn and a rural museum in Ukraine. Research results. The modern reinterpretation of the past of our country has increased interest in many figures of Ukrainian history. This led to the emergence of a significant number of scientific studies, the main purpose of which was to determine the achievements of individual historical figures in the struggle for Ukrainian statehood. The construction of the future state is impossible without a clear understanding of our past in all its manifestations and aggregates. So, the history of every nation that inhabits the state of Ukraine is an integral part of our general history. Especially, Ukrainian Germans of the first half of the 20th century. are more and more actively perceived not only as participants in national liberation struggles on the territory of Ukraine, but also as creators of the European intellectual space.

This paper examines the UK's 2025 Immigration White Paper as a critical site for understanding how immigration policy functions as an instrument of racial capitalism. Drawing on Critical Race Theory, the theory of social reproduction, and intersectionality, it interrogates how the state's construction of the 'skilled migrant' operates as a racially coded category that privileges whiteness, anglocentric credentials, and neoliberal norms of value. Rather than treating the White Paper as a discrete policy episode, the analysis situates it within a longer genealogy of immigration governance that reproduces structural inequalities across higher education and graduate employment. By tracing how migrant 'worthiness' is encoded through racialised and classed proxies-such as language fluency, academic credentials, and salary thresholds-the paper contributes to wider sociological debates on bordering, credentialism, and state racial formation. It demonstrates that the British state's discourse of 'merit' and 'skill' is inseparable from exclusionary practices that undermine the promise of equal opportunity for racialised citizens and migrants alike. The paper concludes by advancing a forward-looking framework for understanding policy as both a site of intervention and a generator of symbolic and material hierarchies.

History of formation and development of Ukrainian philological education in Western Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries is associated with the Jan Kazimierz University of Lviv. The Rus Trinity founders, M. Shashkevych, Ya. Holovatskiy, I. Vahylevych and other well-known writers and scholars, who stood at Ukrainophile positions and created first textbooks in Rusyn language, advocated the introduction of Ukrainian phonetic spelling and greatly contributed into this process. In the second half of the XIX century within the Faculty of Philosophy (Department of Philology) of Jan Kazimierz University of Lviv, significant changes are taking place in the language training of students: emphasis is placed on comparative linguistics, study of Slavic languages (Polish, Bulgarian, Old Slavonic and Czech), Romance languages (this was facilitated by the creation of appropriate departments), as well as Oriental languages (Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, Babylonian, Sanskrit, Old Armenian (grabar)). Students of philology received a thorough language training, which was facilitated by a proper academic environment, a powerful philological school. The development of ethnography in Galicia was studied as a separate scientific field. The Ethnographic Society, created by the famous scientist A. Kalin, was of a complex nature. The end of the XIX century was marked by the creation of a special intellectual and cultural-educational academic environment. The next decade was a period of active search for Ukrainians to implement the idea of creating a Ukrainian university in Lviv. This was caused not only by well-known politicians, public figures, teachers, but also writers, scientists (members of NTSh), students (“Academic Brotherhood”, “Vatra”, “Academic Community”, etc.) of Lviv University. Public initiatives of Ukrainian students and teachers of Lviv University were of great importance for the establishment of the idea of national university education among Ukrainians. It created a good basis for the promotion of universities, helped with finding a model for creating and developing a “separate” Ukrainian university. It was implemented in 1921 when Ukrainian secret university in Lviv was established. The philological training of Ukrainian students under the conditions of the “University in the Catacombs” (1921–1925) needs further scientific research.

The influence of Buddhist religious, philosophical, cultural and ethical values on the attitude and Outlook of the peoples of the East cannot be overestimated. The spiritual values of the Buddhist tradition, humanistic in its essence, and today attract the attention of scientists and Buddhist, philosophers and public figures of different ideological and philosophical orientations. Interest in the humanistic values of Mongolian ethnic groups is constantly increasing. Buddhism is one of the determining factors of optimization of the further development of peoples and is one of the forms of theoretical justification of the internal unity and integrity of the creative activities of people. The teaching of the Buddha has boundless kindness and compassion for all beings, even those who have caused great harm. Buddhism is the doctrine that teaches “awakening from ignorance” and its main goal is to achieve liberation from suffering. Religion of any people is the main outcome and yet the ongoing actual process of his creative activities, adaptation to the social environment, centuries of experience, objectified in the objects of work and life, norms, etc. Buddhist culture embodies intellectual, moral, aesthetic and other humanistic values. Humanism in the broadest sense is the philosophical basis, the essence of the Buddhist teachings. The history of the spread of Buddhism among the Mongolian peoples is reflected in the scientific literature, scientists and Buddhist. Extensive literature is based on the surviving written sources from history of formation and non-theistic religions and ancient Indian and Tibetan tradition.

The purpose of this paper is to study the evolution and social role of tabloid journalism in Kazakh- stan. The process of tabloidization involves destruction of traditional ideals, as well as raising social questions previously considered as “taboo”. The history of formation, the forecast for future development of tabloid journalism in a single country with modern media technologies is a very rare topic for the Central Asian region. The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in its novelty and the lack of similar works. To investigate the current place of tabloid journalism in the media space of Kazakhstan, a number of well-known Kazakhstan-based journalists, editors, opinion makers and bloggers were inter- viewed. The survey involved 100 people. Questionnaire results were analysed manually. According to the results, a possible reason of load development is the mentality that does not allow local journalists to write about the personal lives of public figures. At the same time, it is obvious that there is a new perspective for tabloid journalism in relation to the public sphere. The practical value of the study is lies in identification the main problems in this area. Many Kazakhstani media that, according to the criteria, could be considered tabloids, do not declared themselves as such, because of the possible fall in the image. It is also interesting to con- sider Kazakhstani tabloid trends, which are influenced to a significant degree by economic, rather than political, factors. Thus, it appears that the development of characteristics of tabloid journalism is at the forefront of market-driven journalism. So, knowing the main problems of the media sector, it will be easier to show the prospects for its development. Key words: Kazakhstan, tabloid media, journalism, democracy.

The memoirs of the participants of the White movement in the South of Russia are analyzed in the context of the history of the state formation that spontaneously arose as a result of the revolution – the Kuban People's Republic. The article examines the memoirs of officers and public figures who played a key role in the political life of southern Russia in 1918-1920. The main purpose of this study is to examine the views of the leaders of the White movement on the Kuban People's Republic. An attempt is also being made to determine the significance of the memoirs of the White Guards as a historical source on the history of the Kuban People's Republic.

This article presents an overview of the personal provenance fond of the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich—member of the Russian Imperial House, younger brother of Emperor Nicholas II, a major military, state, and public figure, who held the posts of the Commander of the Savage Division, member of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers, Chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Museum, who for a time was heir to the throne—which is stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The archival fond, formed and described in the Soviet period, contains 137 storage units, including, among others, personal diaries of the fond-maker, epistolary and educational materials, business papers, official documents, photographs and drawings. The history of the fond formation is described, various groups of files are analyzed, their information potential, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of materials are assessed, source analysis of the most important documents is provided, most revealing quotes are given. Special attention is paid to the diaries of the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, his correspondence and its most voluminous part, letters to his cousin and lover, Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and letters from the Grand Duke’s tutor Ferdinand Tormeyer and from his wife Natalia Brasova. Letters and telegrams from other relatives were deposited in smaller number (his mother, Empress Maria Feodorovna, his brother, Emperor Nicholas II, his sisters, Grand Duchesses Xenia and Olga, his niece, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, his cousin, Princess Tyra of Denmark), as well as statesmen and courtiers: the Minister of the Imperial Court Baron Freedericksz, Lady-in-Waiting of the Imperial Court Countess Vorontsova-Dashkova, and others. The Grand Duke’s diaries and correspondence reflect his personal life, official and social activities. Illustrative material is presented in the fond quite voluminously, primarily, as photographs, including those taken by the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich himself, as well as his own drawings. A significant array of storage units of the fond was introduced into scientific use, mostly, by the historian Vladimir Khrustalev; some of the materials were published (mainly diaries and correspondence of the period of the World War I); however, many documents still require scientific research to reveal little-explored aspects of the Grand Duke’s life and work.

Teaching & Learning Guide for: Literature, Social Science, and the Development of American Migration Narratives in the Twentieth Century

Reviewed by: The Rise of the Latino Vote: A History by Benjamin Francis-Fallon Felipe Hinojosa The Rise of the Latino Vote: A History. By Benjamin Francis-Fallon. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2019. Pp 494. Illustrations, notes, index.) To write a history of the rise of the Latino vote in the United States is no easy task. It requires a readiness to confront the unexpected, to merge local and national politics, and to navigate how groups coalesce amidst national and political differences. I will admit to being skeptical about whether the author could pull that off. But not only does he succeed, he does so with grace and a narrative brilliance that keeps the reader engaged through twists and turns by political leaders in South Texas, East Los Angeles, and East Harlem. While the Latino community shares histories of colonialism, immigration, and racial formation, the experiences are vastly different along lines of citizenship, race, and culture. Benjamin Francis-Fallon acknowledges these differences with an impressive analysis of Mexican American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban politics even as he highlights their combined political efforts. He takes what are difficult and complex movements and organizes them so readers see the many ways that Latinos have carved political space for themselves. Chronological chapters give equal time to progressive and conservative Latinos as they struggled to become forces within the two-party system. This straightforward narrative history sticks to its main purpose: telling the story of the Latino vote. The book is big—385 pages of narrative in eleven chapters—but rather than creating a cumbersome read, the author keeps readers on the alert with his gripping narrative and [End Page 232] chapters that are precise in their purpose and clear in their arguments. Significant here is the centrality of Mexican American politics in the Southwest to the larger scene of Latino politics across the nation. Even as the "Viva Kennedy" campaign emerged in the Southwest and brought together a cadre of Mexican American politicians, the national scope of the movement helped form coalitions with New York Puerto Ricans. As the author correctly points out, "Kennedy's victory in the historically close 1960 presidential election was in no small part due to Puerto Rican and Mexican-American votes" (62). The book does have its weaknesses. The role of Latinas in forging these politics is almost absent, and the author should have focused more on the role of grassroots radical Latino politics. While the author does devote a few pages to the New York Young Lords and the Texas-based Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO), their influence is downplayed. But aside from these criticisms, The Rise of the Latino Vote succeeds on many levels, especially in the way the author recognizes the complexities of Latino politics even as he makes a compelling case for the importance of their struggle to present a united front. This book should be required reading for students of Mexican American history, state and national politicians and anyone interested in understanding the significant role that Latinos have played, and continue to play, in Texas and national politics. Felipe Hinojosa Texas A&M University Copyright © 2020 The Texas State Historical Association

Using Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Latino Critical Theory (LatCrit) as an analytical framework, this article examines school desegregation in Denver, CO, to trace the history of racial formation in the post-World War II United States. As the first case to address de facto segregation in the North, Keyes, et al. v. School District No. 1, et al. is an important moment for understanding postwar racial processes. The case demonstrates both that race is a fluid category and that Mexican Americans are more central to the history of school desegregation than many scholars have acknowledged. Keyes provides an excellent case study into the dynamics of race making because the outcome of the Supreme Court’s decision ultimately hinged on whether Mexican American students were White or non-White. By shifting the lens to racial formation, I suggest that historians have critical insights to gain from including CRT and LatCrit in our methodologies.

As a pedagogical tool, zines exist at the intersection of radical history, analog creativity, participatory culture, and community engagement. This article highlights the importance of contextualizing zines within a history of social activism to shift the focus of zines from individualism and self motivation to their role in community empowerment and social justice. This is particularly relevant when teaching about the topic of Asian American zines and community engagement. The first half of this article discusses the use of Densho’s online archive of the complete print run of the Asian American movement periodical Gidra as a way to teach students about histories of Asian American independent publishing, racial formation, and community activism. The second part of this article moves from archives to practice, concerning how students can use the skills and knowledge that they learn from these archival materials and apply them to current events and community engagement projects surrounding gentrification and tenants’ rights in Los Angeles Chinatown.

Reviewed by: Real Native Genius: How an Ex-Slave and a White Mormon Became Famous Indians by Angela Pulley Hudson Malinda Maynor Lowery Real Native Genius: How an Ex-Slave and a White Mormon Became Famous Indians. By Angela Pulley Hudson. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. Pp. [xiv], 255. Paper, $29.95, ISBN 978-1-4696-2443-3.) Real Native Genius: How an Ex-Slave and a White Mormon Became Famous Indians chronicles the lives of two artists, evangelists, medical practitioners, and performers of “Indianness,” Warner McCary and Lucile Celesta Stanton (p. 5). They were popularly known as Okah Tubbee and Laah Ceil to audiences at the peak of their careers, but because their aliases were legion, I refer to them by their birth names. Born in the 1810s, McCary and Stanton grew up in different communities—the slave society of Natchez, Mississippi, and the Mormon outpost of Kirtland, Ohio, respectively. The couple capitalized on the fluidity of individual identities in a nation obsessed with racial hierarchies and played on the nation’s ideas about American Indians as vulnerable yet authentic voices contributing to a larger romantic nationalist movement. Throughout their journeys, the pair exploited Mormon and American fascinations with lost or vanished Indians to claim a spotlight, and an income, through McCary’s musical talents and Stanton’s abilities as a healer and religious charmer. Their lives exemplify how conceptions of indigeneity—if not the realities of indigenous people—were central to the formation of American national identity. Though it does not focus on a particular Native American group, Angela Pulley Hudson’s book contributes to the literature on the Native South. She explores people who passed from one race to another and played with racial expectations and identities, a subject of great relevance to southern history. From the eighteenth century to the present day, the South has had figures of consequence—the Gibsons of South Carolina, the Knights of Mississippi, the Hemingses of Virginia, Amanda America Dickson of Georgia, Buffalo Child Long Lance of North Carolina, and Mardi Gras Indians in Louisiana, just to name a few—who have subverted the boundaries of race (and often, wealth and gender). Racial transgression is as important to southern history as racial conformity is. Native peoples’ very existence was a transgression of black-white boundaries that undermined the power of white authorities. In the antebellum period, federal and state governments sought to take the determination of authenticity away from Native communities, thus reinforcing the power of whites’ ideas about racial ancestry to mark someone as legitimately “Indian.” In this context, McCary and Stanton’s charade was viable and even successful. The couple illustrate that white men were not the only ones defining race. Real Native Genius is an excellent example of the contributions that historians trained in ethnohistory and American Indian history can make to southern history. With ingenious research, inventive interpretation, and an elegant style, Hudson relates an improbable, yet wholly American, gothic tale characterized by racial, religious, and gender ambiguities. Hudson’s approach to the topic is influenced by an ethnohistorian’s eye for reading between the lines of obscure [End Page 162] sources that are sometimes intentionally misleading. Anyone investigating the history of race and racial formation can learn from her. In McCary and Stanton, we see how antebellum Americans were able to consider racially interstitial places and people as part of America’s larger understanding of itself. Histories of identity formation also belong to American Indian nations, which largely lost control over their representations during the antebellum period, allowing room for McCary and Stanton to emerge and gain fame. In large measure, that authority has yet to return. Americans still consume and then challenge the origins and authenticity of Native peoples, in ways similar to the doubts that McCary and Stanton experienced. That these attacks continue means that while scholars recognize American national identity as a mutable, sophisticated phenomenon, they do not accord American Indian national identities the same treatment. Understanding the role that race played in the development of this double standard is a significant enterprise, to which this book makes a fascinating contribution. Malinda Maynor Lowery University of North Carolina at Chapel...