Abstract
Mycotherapy has been shown to improve the overall response rate during cancer treatment and reduce some chemotherapy-related adverse events. Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional mushroom used for pharmaceutical purposes. G. lucidum extracts (GLE) showed potential antitumor activities against several cancers. These tumor inhibitory effects of GLE were attributed to the suppression of the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is defined as the monoclonal proliferation of carcinoma cells with latent EBV infection. The inhibitory effects of GLE against EBVaGC are questionable. The aim of this study was to investigate GLE as potential antitumor agents and a counterpart of quercetin (QCT) for the cotreatment in suppressing EBVaGC development. Therefore, this study conducted antitumor assays using a EBVaGC xenograft mice model and found that GLE could suppress tumor development. These inhibitory effects were significantly augmented by the low concentration of the quercetin (QCT) cotreatment in the xenograft mice. The addition of GLE in low concentrations synergistically reinforced QCT-induced apoptosis and EBV lytic reactivation. GLE contains various polysaccharides and triterpenes, such as ganoderic acid. Interestingly, the addition of ganoderic acid A (GAA) could produce similar bioactive effects like GLE in QCT-mediated antitumor activity. The GAA addition in low concentrations synergistically reinforced QCT-induced apoptosis and EBV lytic reactivation. GAA was sufficiently effective as much as GLE. Therefore, our results suggested that QCT-supplemented GLE could be a potential food adjunct for the prevention of EBVaGC development.
Highlights
Ganoderma lucidum Karst is a wood-rotting mushroom generally growing on tree stumps.The fruiting bodies of G. lucidum Karst are widely used in Northeast Asia as a natural product to treat chronic hepatitis, nephritis, hepatopathy, gastric ulcer and insomnia
Molecular docking showed that ganoderic acid A (GAA) could inhibit telomerase as a ligand. These results suggested that triterpenoids could exhibit antitumor effects in EBV-associated gastric carcinomas (EBVaGCs) cells
This study showed that cotreatment with G. lucidum extracts (GLE) and QCT at low concentrations could synergistically enhance apoptosis and induce strong Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic reactivation in
Summary
Ganoderma lucidum Karst is a wood-rotting mushroom generally growing on tree stumps. The fruiting bodies of G. lucidum Karst are widely used in Northeast Asia as a natural product to treat chronic hepatitis, nephritis, hepatopathy, gastric ulcer and insomnia. G. lucidum extracts (GLE) have been shown to exhibit anticancer properties by inhibiting tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis and telomerase activity [1,2,3,4]. GLE exhibited antiviral activities during various viral lifecycle stages, including viral attachment to host cell receptors and viral penetration into host cells. GLE and showed direct virucidal effects against Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 [5]. APBP inhibited up to 50% of the attachment of HSV-1 and HSV-2 to Vero cells and prevented both viruses from penetrating Vero cells. The antiherpetic activity of APBP suggested that APBP could impede the complex interactions of viruses with cell membranes
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