Quantum chemical studies on molecular structural conformations and hydrated forms of salicylamide and O‐hydroxybenzoyl cyanide

Abstract

AbstractAb initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods have been employed to study the molecular structural conformations and hydrated forms of both salicylamide (SAM) and O‐hydroxybenzoyl cyanide (OHBC). Molecular geometries and energetics have been obtained in the gaseous phase by employing the Møller–Plesset type 2 MP2/6‐311G(2d,2p) and B3LYP/6‐311G(2d,2p) levels of theory. The presence of an electron‐releasing group (SAM) leads to an increase in the energy of the molecular system, while the presence of an electron‐withdrawing group (OHBC) drastically decreases the energy. Chemical reactivity parameters (η and μ) have been calculated using the energy values of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) obtained at the Hartree–Fock (HF)/6‐311G(2d,2p) level of theory for all the conformers and the principle of maximum hardness (MHP) has been tested. The condensed Fukui functions have been calculated using the atomic charges obtained through the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis scheme for all the optimized structures at the B3LYP/6‐311G(2d,2p) level of theory, and the most reactive sites of the molecules have been identified. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies have been carried out at the B3LYP/6‐311G(2d,2p) level of theory for all the conformers in the gaseous phase on the basis of the method of Cheeseman and coworkers. The calculated chemical shift values have been used to discuss the delocalization activity of the electron clouds. The dimeric structures of the most stable conformers of both SAM and OHBC in the gaseous phase have been optimized at the B3LYP/6‐311G(2d,2p) level of theory, and the interaction energies have been calculated. The most stable conformers of both compounds bear an intramolecular hydrogen bond, which gives rise to the formation of a pseudo‐aromatic ring. These conformers have been allowed to interact with the water molecule. Special emphasis has been given to analysis of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the hydrated conformers. Self‐consistent reaction field (SCRF) theory has been employed to optimize all the conformers in the aqueous phase (ε = 78.39) at the B3LYP/6‐311G(2d,2p) level of theory, and the solvent effect has been studied. Vibrational frequency analysis has been performed for all the optimized structures at MP2/6‐311G(2d,2p) level of theory, and the stationary points corresponding to local minima without imaginary frequencies have been obtained for all the molecular structures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005