Abstract
We have succeeded in quantizing massive collective gauge fields around the doped hole by using the theoretical formula, which is based on the gauge-invariant effective Lagrangian density, in underdoped cuprates. Quantized massive gauge fields, which are induced around the doped hole, explain naturally the broad spectra of angle-resolved photoemission around the hot spot, short-range spin fluctuations and anomalous transport properties in underdoped cuprates.
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