Quantitative measurements of ammonium, hydrogenophosphate and Cu(II) by diffuse reflectance spectrometry

Abstract

Diffuse reflectance spectrometry is shown to be useful for the quantitative determination of small amounts of pollutants. The relation between sample concentration and reflectance is described by the Kubelka–Munk equation. The experiments were performed with a laboratory constructed diode array spectrophotometer. We can obtain the quantitative reflectance values of different precipitates like ammonium with Nessler’s reagent, hydrogenophosphate with silver nitrate and a complex such as Cu(II) with dithiooxamide ‘rubeanic acid’ by forming a spot colour on filter paper. We have obtained for each reagent a calibration curve by plotting the relative intensity of reflectance versus the log of the mol (dm 3) −1 concentration. The linearity was obtained for Cu(II) from 8×10 −4 to 2.5×10 −2 mol l −1 with r 2=0.9838 and from 10 −3 to 10 −1 mol l −1 for polyphosphate with r 2=0.9975 and from 5×10 −4 to 5×10 −2 mol l −1 for ammonium with r 2=0.9889. We can consider that for a direct measurement of the intensity of reflectance, it is possible to perform quantitative spot-test analysis.