Abstract
Concentrations of heavy metals in gallstones samples gathered from different hospital were estimated via laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS (.Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the gallstone samples were achieved by using the locally developed LIBS set up equipped with Nd: YAG laser (Q-switched) at 1064 nm, pulse duration 9 ns and pulse energy 300 mJ. Quantitative analysis was performed for Cr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and As based on calibration curve constructed from the correlation between the intensity of the LIBS emission lines and the concentration of each element measured by AAS. It was noticed that the percentage of copper, zinc, and manganese was higher in pigment samples higher than in mixed samples, and that it was not present in the cholesterol samples. However, chromium and cadmium elements were present in a high percentage in cholesterol samples and higher than other types of gallstones. The most important conclusion was that heavy elements such as Pb and As were present in the samples of smoking patients. The relative errors for all samples were in the range of (1.5-7.8) %.
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