Quantifying zonal interdependencies in Urban Land Valuation: A novel geospatial model of infrastructure density and road network synergies

This study focuses on land valuation in the Adenta Municipal Assembly, Ghana, addressing a critical knowledge gap of creating a standard model for factors that determined value for land. The study seeks to identify and analyze the factors influencing land value and generate a geospatial model for accurate land valuation. Socioeconomic data were obtained by administering 400 copies of a structured questionnaire and utility maps such as (electricity line map, Road Map, educational facility map, fire station, police centers, financial institution and recreational area maps) were obtained. Descriptive Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques was used to produce the factor maps, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) was used to buffer around the factor maps and carried out comparison and normalized matrix, and ArcGIS Model builder in generating geospatial model. The results revealed eleven key factors determinants of land value. These include access to electricity, transport, educational centers, health services, land use type, police stations, city centers, financial institutions, fire stations, recreation centers, parks, and government buildings. The study also established correlations between these factors and variations in land value, resulting in a geospatial and mathematical model for value zones in monetary terms, producing a mathematical model adaptable for diverse valuation categories. The mathematical model produces new values for land value in the municipality range from ?52,947.00 to ?92,890.00 as restricted area to very high area. In conclusion, the research highlights the importance of Geospatial modelling in land valuation, providing practical tools for stakeholders, planners, valuers, and policymakers in decision-making related to land use development and taxation in the Adenta Municipal Assembly and beyond.

Valuing Urban Land with Land Residual and Option Value Methods: Applications to House Price Dynamics and Volatility

To achieve the goals of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”, this paper puts forward the connotation and measurement method for the carbon emission intensity of urban industrial land and conducts an empirical study with the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) as an example. We defined the carbon intensity of urban industrial land as the industrial carbon emissions per unit area of land, which is a spatial mapping of urban industrial economic development and carbon spillover and a key indicator for urban and territorial spatial planning oriented towards the “dual carbon” goal. Findings: The carbon emission density of industrial land in the YREB varied greatly between cities and exhibited significant positive spatial autocorrelation. In addition, the geographical pattern and spatio-temporal evolution model of the urban industrial land carbon emission density had a very complex driving mechanism, and different factors had significant synergistic effects. Therefore, it is suggested that while striving towards the goal of “dual carbon”, the government should incorporate the carbon emission density indicator of urban industrial land into the urban and territorial spatial planning system, and based on the threshold of the medium suitable density, they should design differentiated management policies according to concrete urban policies and encourage cooperation among cities to jointly promote carbon emission management of urban industrial land. In policy design, emphasis should also be placed on highlighting the interactive effects of foreign direct investment, fiscal expenditure, and the number of patent authorizations as well as constructing a combination of policies centered around them to better leverage the impacts of globalization, government intervention, and innovation.

The market analysis report that is submitted to the decision maker (see chapter 4) should include a descriptive, qualitative overview of the context the real estate project has to the existing and changing urban environment. To better accomplish this task, one should have knowledge of the general theory regarding the market processes that bring about land use and urban form. This chapter presents three relevant general theories of land use and land value. Together, these general theories provide a general qualitative understanding of how the existing urban environment came to be and allows the analyst to prognosticate the trajectory of change of urban land uses and land values. The first two of the general theories presented here arose out of an attempt to explain agricultural land values and land uses. Why should a discussion of the agronomy sector be included in a book on urban real estate analysis? First, all the general theories relevant to land values and land use, and their spatial distribution within a city, are part of an intellectual heritage that dates from general theories of agricultural land values and land use. Second, much of new urban development occurs at those suburban margins. To understand development at the suburban margins, there must be an understanding of the nonurban land uses and land values at those locations. The third general theory explains spatial equilibrium and its role in shaping urban land values and land uses. Two eighteenth-century theorists, David Ricardo and Johann Heinrich von Thünen, are credited for having created a vast and sometimes opposing literature on land valuation. Ricardo’s economic theory was based upon the relative productivity of sites. In contrast, von Thünen’s geographic theory was focused on the locational component of land values and land use. The juxtaposition of these two competing giants of land theory in many respects still differentiates economists and geographers even today. After the theories of Ricardo and von Thünen are presented, an overview of the consumption theory of land rent (CTLR) is provided. The CTLR is my general theory and methodology for evaluating urban housing land use, land values, and urban form (Thrall 1980, 1987, and see 1991).

Urban expansion has become a widespread trend in developing countries. Road networks are an extremely important factor driving the expansion of urban land and require further study. To investigate the relationship between road networks and urban expansion, we selected Beijing, New York, London, and Chicago as study areas. First, we obtained urban land use vector data through image interpretation using a remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) platform and then used overlay analysis to extract information on urban expansion. A road network density map was generated using the density analysis tool. Finally, we conducted a spatial statistical analysis between road networks and urban expansion and then systematically analyzed their distribution features. In addition, the Urban Expansion-Road Network Density Model was established based on regression analysis. The results indicate that (1) the road network density thresholds of Beijing, New York, London, and Chicago are 18.9 km/km2, 37.8 km/km2, 57.0 km/km2, and 64.7 km/km2, respectively, and urban expansion has an inverted U-curve relationship with road networks when the road network density does not exceed the threshold; (2) the calculated turning points for urban expansion indicate that urban expansion initially accelerates with increasing road network density but then decreases after the turning point is reached; and (3) when the road density exceeds the threshold, urban areas cease to expand. The correlation between urban expansion and road network features provides an important reference for the future development of global cities. Understanding road network density offers some predictive capabilities for urban land expansion, facilitates the avoidance of irregular expansion, and provides new ideas for addressing the inefficient utilization of land.

Separating urban land and structure values is important for national accounts and for analysis of real estate risk over time. A large part of the literature on urban land valuation uses the land residual method, which relies on the assumption that structures are easily replaced. But urban land value depends on accessibility to nearby land uses, implying that infrastructure and the slowly changing built environment are the most important components of land value. Investments in structures are only slowly reversible, implying that land and structure function as a bundled good whereas land residual theory severs the connection between land value and structure value over time. We develop a simple theoretical model that includes option value and compare to a nested land residual model before and after a shock to values. Cross-sectionally our model shows that land residual theory overestimates structure value. Over time almost all of any change in property value is allocated to land residuals. Data from Maricopa county, AZ, 2012–2018 strongly support option value models when nested within a general model that also includes land residuals. FHFA estimates use entirely different cost estimation methods: our analysis of FHA data suggest that our conclusions generalize to the U.S. as a whole, and that high and rising land value ratios over 50 years (the “hockey stick” pattern found in the literature) are likely an artifact of the residual model.

The digital economy is fundamentally transforming urban landscapes by disrupting traditional relationships between land use and land value. This scoping review aims to examine how digital transformations alter urban activities, human behaviours, and mobility patterns, and to assess the subsequent impacts on land use planning and land valuation frameworks. Following PRISMA guidelines, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ProQuest databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles published between 2019 and 2024. Inclusion criteria comprised empirical studies, theoretical papers, and case studies examining digital economy impacts on urban land use or land value. Grey literature, non-English publications, and studies without clear urban spatial implications were excluded. The data were synthesised using bibliometric analysis and thematic analysis to identify patterns of disruption across three domains: urban activities, behaviours, and mobility. Of the 512 initially identified articles, 66 studies met the inclusion criteria. The evidence demonstrates significant geographic bias and methodological limitations, including the scarcity of longitudinal studies tracking actual land value changes and inconsistent metrics for measuring disruption intensity. Despite these limitations, findings indicate that the digital economy is decoupling land value from traditional determinants, such as physical proximity to services and employment centres. These transformations necessitate fundamental revisions to urban planning frameworks, land valuation models, and regulatory approaches to ensure equitable and sustainable urban development in the digital age.

Soil monitoring programs in many countries often do not measure such an indicator as soil bulk density. At the same time, modern problems of assessing the condition of the soil cover require its use in soil management of agricultural landscapes. We see the solution to this problem in geospatial modeling. We have developed a technique for simulating soil bulk density, the algorithm of which consists of five stages: the creation of model maps of agro-industrial soil groups, modeling of a clay content map, construction of a map of humus content, selection of empirical dependences of soil bulk density on humus and clay content with evaluation reliability of these dependencies and their implementation in GRASS GIS and, finally, cartographic modeling of the spatial continuous distribution of soil bulk density. At the same time, parameters for improving the quality of methods modeling and mapping the soil bulk density were established. First of all, this is an increase in the sampling dataset of density, humus, and clay content to improve the reliability of the selected regression formula. It is also an improvement in the quality of spatial modeling of the humus content using geostatistical methods or modeling. To improve the clay content map, it is necessary to increase the resolution of DEM and predictors, to choose more accurate sources of DEM and prediction algorithms. The application of the presented methodology is shown in a part of Chernivtsi region, Ukraine, with the possibility of use on the scale of the entire country. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/

A comparative static analysis of urban spatial structure

This paper explores changing land values in the process of rapid urbanization in Dhaka, Bangladesh and its implications for urban land management and administration in the megacity. The study reveals that substantial increase in land values have resulted in land speculation among real estate and individual developers. Land values have increased by an average of 22.26% per year between 1990 and 2000, while the period spanning from 2000 to 2010 saw about 74% of yearly increase in Dhaka. The study revealed that due to increasing land values, prospective real estate developers are tempted to build housing in restricted areas defined by Dhaka metropolitan development plan such as flood zones, lakes, canals, ditch and drainage channels etc. The paper proposes a re-look at the causes of increase in land values and land speculations and the resulting environmental damage pointed out in this study as part of a broad urban land and environmental management strategy in rapidly growing megacities.

Economists have long understood that the conventional property tax causes the housing stock to be smaller than it would be in the presence of a nondistortionary tax such as a land or site value tax. This article brings together the results from models of housing development timing and structural density with the results of a modern model of a graded property tax in an urban setting. The combination of results is used to investigate the effects of a community’s movement from a property tax to a two-rate tax system where land is taxed at a higher rate than structures. The conditions under which increasing reliance on a land or site value tax will increase housing structural density and speed of development are identified and examined. Policy implications are drawn.

In all urban centers of the Tigray region, Ethiopia in general, there is inefficient urban land utilization. Inefficient buildable urban land development and management is manifested in the form of vacant, partially utilized and underutilized lands. Most of these lands are exposed to urban sprawl, squatting and land speculation. Moreover, there is inadequate infrastructure provision, under regulation, and shortage of buildable lands; speculation and tenure insecurity are the problems of urban land utilization. Urban land utilization in Mekelle city in general and AdiHaki Dejen area in particular, is inefficient land development and management, lack of infrastructure provision and under regulation. Therefore, the objective the study was to understand the causes and effects of partially utilized and underutilized lands which results in poor land utilization and development in AdiHaki Dejen area. To do so, the research started by assessing and analyzing the current status of urban land utilization using primary and secondary data sources. ArcGIS was used to analyze the BAR, ILVR, building height, and use change and proximity of linear infrastructure. Then, ArcGIS SQL was used to identify the partially utilized lands, and then Improvement to Land Value Ratio (ILR) was used to analyze the underutilized parcels. Similarly, the spatial proximity of physical infrastructure to the parcels was analyzed using ArcGIS. The study shows that there are 441 (509,233 m2) parcels with 202 m2 and above identified parcels as partially vacant lands, because of the existing structures on the parcels are small enough to divide or sub divided to hold one or more additional housing units. Moreover, 616 (419781 m2) parcels were underutilized parcels with their Improvement to Land Value Ratio (ILR) below ‘1’, leading to low property improvement to land value. This indicates low real property investment per capita and/or low land consumption per square meter of land. Generally, the study concludes that the main problems of the study area are inefficient land utilization and management, inadequate infrastructure provision and under regulation. This result were used as base line for urban planners, land use planners and managers to use the application of ArcGIS in urban land use planning and utilization for economically efficient land development and management. Keywords: Urban land utilization, partially utilized lands, underutilized lands, improvement land value and spatial analysis Cite this Article Vanum Govindu, Haftay Hailu G/Yohannes, Yechale Kebede Bizuneh. Assessing Urban Land Utilization Using Geographical Information System. Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS. 2019; 10(1): 9–23p.

The relation between urban land regulation and migrants’ access to decent housing is a fascinating topic in developing countries. Land-use conflicts emerge when entrepreneurial pursuits (for example, the exchange value of land) affect the fortunes of low-wage migrant workers using the destination city to settle down (through the use value of land). Land-use disputes and housing opportunity inequality (between the “land scarcity with migrant explosion” areas and the “land-abundant but migration-inactive” areas) is apparent across different kinds of cities. This article reviews the relationship between China’s urban land supply and regulation system and the migrant housing-condition problem. Our spatial analysis attests to the areal variance of migrant housing conditions (overcrowding and shortages of basic amenities such as toilet and kitchen facilities) across 301 Chinese cities. The analysis results explain the relationship between the inferior housing conditions in the coastal metropolises and the strict management of land uses in China’s first-tier cities. Using micro household data from the national 1% population sampling survey (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2015), this research provides a vivid case study at a large national scale to compare migrant housing amenity across different cities. This empirical study can advance understanding of the land-use disputes (exchange value vs. use value of urban land), which are an important structural root of housing inequality among different kinds of host cities (not merely among migrant workers themselves or across neighborhood scales). This macro-level variance of land demand, supply, and the regulation system proves the key challenge to achieving social harmony. Beyond a top-down land and housing system in China today, some more bottom-up and participatory migrant housing supply means (such as informal housing schemes such as “urban villages”) could be another way to address the above housing challenge. In this sense, we have mapped the migrants’ housing conditions in the Chinese top-down and marketization context, which can be contrasted with the informal and participatory housing supply in some other country contexts.

This paper examines the characteristics of the urban land market in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, in two stages by analysing land value variation in 2002 and 2009. In the first stage, it captures the characteristics of urban spatial structure, using the extended land value gradient model which includes not only the distance from the city centre but also zoning, road accessibility and planning variables as the determinants of land values. The estimates show that urban growth in Kathmandu has recently been characterized by neither centralization nor suburbanization with little shift in urban land demand between central and peripheral areas. Instead, land values have increased significantly across all urban areas, indicating the possibility of overall excess demand for urban plots. Correspondingly, in the second stage whether the supply is sufficient in urban land market is tested using two methods. First, by investigating the data on land pooling projects, urban land value after the project turns out to be greater than the sum of agricultural land value before the project and rural-to-urban conversion costs. Second, the actual or physical distance of urban-rural boundary turns out to be shorter than the theoretical or economic distance derived from the estimates of the extended gradient model. Both results confirm that urban land supply is in a shortage in Kathmandu.

-3 HHE work of several writers appears largely to have succeeded in mak..Ling disreputable the once fashionable practice of crediting public investment activities in the development of water resources, in particular, with substantial "secondary" or "indirect" benefits.2 Secondary benefits in one guise or another still appear to be much in style, however, in dealing with the benefits of investments in highways and other transportation facilities. Among the benefits of highway investment to which reference is commonly made are those presumed to accrue to property owners. More specifically, many studies have demonstrated that land values tend to increase sometimes dramatically-in the vicinity of newly improved highways.3 Since these increases are independent of the extent to which the affected property owners use the highway facilities involved, such gains are quite properly labeled "non-user benefits." They are, furthermore, commonly regarded as benefits over and above those that accrue to highway users. That is to say, they are regarded as benefits that must in some way be added to those arising directly from highway use if total highway benefits are to be estimated accurately. Although widely accepted (particularly among highway planners), this final conclusion is, as it happens, fallacious. That property values increase in the vicinity of highway improvements does reflect the existence of highway benefits. Careful analysis of highwayland value relationships can yield valuable information on the magnitude of these benefits. Increases in land value are not in themselves net highway benefits, however. Rather, they reflect an actual or potential transfer of benefits derived from highways from one population group to another. Furthermore, the fact that land values generally do increase in the vicinity of highway improvements by no means guarantees that a net effect of these improvements is to increase land values as a whole. The primary goal of this paper is to demonstrate these assertions by exploring the relationship between land values on the one hand and transportation costs and reductions in them on the other. More specifically, Section I demonstrates the effects of certain types of transporta1 I am indebted to Robert Clower, William Garrison, William Pendleton, and Stephen Sobotka for much helpful advice. Richard Morrill undertook one of the preliminary analyses underlying the material reported in Section II, while Harold Williamson, Jr., directed most of the statistical work entailed in this section. The work reported here was undertaken as part of a larger study of the nature and measurement of highway benefits carried out with the support of the Bureau of Public Roads. My views do not necessarily reflect those of the Bureau, however.