Quantification of eco-compensations based on a bidirectional compensation scheme in a water environment: a case study in the Jiangsu Province, China

To investigate the seasonal Aedes population fluctuation and the resistance of Aedes populations to common insecticides in Jiangsu Province in 2020, so as to provide insights into vector-borne infectious diseases control. One village was randomly sampled from each of Xinbei District of Changzhou City and Zhangjiagang County of Suzhou City in southern Jiangsu Province, Hai'an County of Nantong City and Yandu District of Yancheng City in Central Jiangsu Province, and Suining County of Xuzhou City and Sihong County of Suqian City in northern Jiangsu Province during the period between May and October, 2020. A small ponding container was sampled, and larval Aedes mosquitoes were collected using straws once each in early and late stages of each month. All larvae were bred in laboratory to adults for population identification. In addition, larval breeding were observed in all small ponding containers in and out of 30 households that were randomly sampled from six surveillance sites, and the larval mosquito density was estimated using Breteau index. Larval A. albopictus mosquitoes were sampled around Cuiyuan New Village in Jintan District of Changzhou City, and bred in laboratory to the first offspring generation, and the susceptibility of adult female mosquitoes to deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, and propoxur was tested using the filter-paper bioassay recommended by WHO. A total of 1 165 larval Aedes mosquitoes were captured from small ponding containers in six surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province in 2020, and all were identified as A. albopictus following eclosion. The largest number of Aedes larvae captured was found in July. A total of 1 152 households were investigated in six surveillance sites, and the mean Breteau indexes were 9.58, 13.20, 13.71, 13.20, 12.18 and 5.58 from May to October, respectively, while a high Aedes transmission risk was seen in Xinbei District of Changzhou City, with a higher Breteau index than in Suining (H = 23.667, Padjusted = 0.001) and Sihong (H = 22.500, Padjusted = 0.003) counties. The field-captured A. albopictus from Cuiyuan New Village in Jintan District of Changzhou City remained sensitive to malathion, but was resistant to propoxur, and developed high-level resistance to deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin. A. albopictus was present in southern, central and northern Jiangsu Province in 2020, and the larval density peaked in July. A. albopictus captured from Cuiyuan New Village in Jintan District of Changzhou City has developed high-level resistance to pyrethroid pesticides.

To study the structure and distribution characteristics of the phytoplankton community in the Huaihe River Basin, Yangtze River Basin, and Taihu Lake Basin in Jiangsu Province, 126 sampling sites were set up in 35 rivers in the region, and samples were collected during the wet season (August–September) in 2023. Based on the monitoring results of phytoplankton, the study selected 20 candidate indicators and conducted range screening, discriminative ability analysis, and correlation analysis. Finally, seven core indicators were determined to construct the Phytoplankton Biological Integrity Index (P-IBI) evaluation system. The rating standards were determined by the ratio method, and the phytoplankton integrity of Jiangsu Province was evaluated. The differences were analyzed. As the results showed, the overall health status of rivers in Jiangsu Province was general. From the point of view of the basin scope, the Huaihe River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin were in sub-healthy state, and the Taihu Lake Basin was general. There were significant differences in the phytoplankton density community structure in the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, and Taihu Lake Basins. Phytoplankton integrity was positively correlated with total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, but not with other environmental factors. Nitrogen is the main factor affecting the integrity of river phytoplankton in Jiangsu Province.

Based on the concept of high-quality development, this paper constructs an urban ecological welfare evaluation framework, measures the urban ecological welfare performance in Jiangsu Province from 2005 to 2019 using a stochastic frontier production function model, and conducts a spatial and temporal divergence feature analysis, combining a spatial panel econometric model and a threshold panel regression model to explore the spatial effects and mechanisms of urban ecological welfare performance. The results show that: (1) The urban ecological welfare performance in Jiangsu province has been increasing every year, and the spatial divergence between north and south is significant, with the overall trend of southern Jiangsu > central Jiangsu > northern Jiangsu. (2) The differences in urban ecological welfare performance among the three regions are gradually decreasing, with the high values expanding and the low values decreasing, and the urban ecological welfare performance in northern Jiangsu Province is gradually approaching that in southern Jiangsu Province, and the urban ecological welfare performance level tends to be balanced. (3) There are significant negative spillover effects of industrial structure, city scale, and economic development level on urban ecological welfare performance, as well as significant threshold effects of innovation level, industrial structure, foreign trade dependence, and economic development, and significant differences in the degree of influence of urbanization on urban ecological welfare performance under different threshold variables. (4) The urbanization and economic development levels are the fundamental factors driving urban ecological welfare performance improvement. Industrial structure optimization, city scale, technological innovation, and foreign trade dependence positively contribute to urban welfare performance, and government financial pressure constrains the performance level improvement. In the future, a long-term mechanism for high-quality green development should be constructed, spatial spillover channels should be continuously improved, welfare thresholds should be effectively circumvented, and urban ecological welfare performance should be promoted in a concerted manner.

Based on fractal theory, and with the help of GIS software, this paper illustrates our research on the spatial structures and patterns of the road network in both northern and southern Jiangsu province at the year of 1999 and 2009. Hausdorff dimension value and covering depth of the road network have been calculated in both the two regions at the year of 1999 and 2009. The evolution of road networks in Jiangsu Province over the last decade has also been analyzed. The results show that in the same year, no significant differences exist in the fractal dimension and covering depth between the two regions, but for the same region, the difference between the year of 1999 and 2009 is remarkable, which indicates a rapid construction and development of the road network in Jiangsu province over the last decade, and a well maintained regional balance at the same time.

Contracting farmers are the main entities in cultivated land protection. From the perspective of contractual rights, improving the ecological compensation standards for cultivated land under the “Separation of Three Rights” system helps coordinate interest relationships in ecological compensation and serves as the key to benefit distribution among multiple right-holders. Reasonable compensation to contracting farmers facilitates the dual consideration of food security and ecological safety in cultivated land. The study starts from the connotation of contractual rights, incorporates both opportunity cost losses and ecological values into compensation criteria based on the membership attributes of contractual rights and the nature of use rights. Employing the equivalent factor method, replacement cost method, and opportunity cost method, it calculates compensation standards for both transferred and non-transferred contracting farmers, using prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province as case examples. (1) Land-transferring contracted farmers: The compensation standard is calculated based on opportunity cost loss as the compensation basis. (2) Non-transferring contracted farmers: The compensation standard incorporates both opportunity cost losses and the ecological value generated through agricultural production. Research Findings: The average compensation standard for contracted farmland transfer in Jiangsu Province is 6275.79 CNY/hm2, primarily implemented through government compensation mechanisms. The average compensation standard for non-transferred contracted farmland in Jiangsu Province is 40,604 CNY/hm2, implemented through a government–market–community collaborative mechanism. The tiered compensation criteria, by accounting for differential contributions of farmland transfer participants and non-participants to agro-ecosystem services, effectively reconcile the dual imperatives of arable land preservation and livelihood enhancement for contracted farmers.

Study on the quantification method of water pollution ecological compensation standard based on emergy theory

借助综合营养状态指数法、箱须图法以及拐点探测分析法，分析了苏南地区11个主要湖泊的富营养化特征以及各湖之间的差异性，并探讨湖泊由轻度富营养化向中度富营养化状态转换的相关指标阈值。结果显示苏南地区各湖泊的营养物水平存在明显的阶梯状特征，不同湖泊所处的富营养化阶段有所不同。典型封闭型湖泊水源地尚湖与傀儡湖水质最好，总体为Ⅱ-Ⅲ类，评价为中营养状态。典型过水性湖泊淀山湖与澄湖水质最差，TN和TP均劣于Ⅴ类，评价为中度富营养状态，其他湖泊属于轻度富营养化状态。基于拐点分析，提出苏南地区湖泊群富营养化状态由轻度向中度转变的指标阈值：COD_Mn为4.7mg/L，NH₃-N为1.0mg/L，TN为2.3mg/L，TP为0.125mg/L，Chl-a为25μg/L，透明度为50cm；尚湖和傀儡湖处于富营养化最轻的下游区，元荡和阳澄湖目前处于敏感的拐点区域，而淀山湖、澄湖、长荡湖等其他湖泊处于富营养化程度较重的上游区。苏南湖泊群的富营养化状态差异性主要是由不同人为干扰强度和水资源管理模式引起的，实现管理目标由资源利用向资源保护合理转变是解决富营养化问题的关键。;Cultural eutrophication is the Earth's most widespread water quality problem, causing harmful algal blooms, fish deaths, underwater plant deaths, decreasing biodiversity, reduction of water clarity, and many other related problems. Southern Jiangsu Province (SJP), which is by far the most densely populated and most developed area of the east of the People's Republic of China, has in total 11 shallow lakes with a surface area ranging from 10km² to 2,428 km² and an average water depth of less than 2.5m. Unfortunately, accompanying the fast economic development in SJP is the serious deterioration and eutrophication of the water environment, with high levels of algal biomass, frequent algal blooms and low water clarity, which are threatening both the water supply to these regions and their economic development. In this article, in order to investigate the eutrophication features and differences in state of 11 lakes within the same geographic area, we obtained 1090 field monitoring data sets of potassium permanganate index (COD_Mn), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), algal Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Secchi depth (SD) of lakes from the environmental monitoring agencies attached to the EPA of Southern Jiangsu Province. All water samples were collected monthly or quarterly from 62 field sites across the 11 lakes and measured in the laboratory during the period from 1993 to 2012. We applied the method of trophic level indices (<em>TLI</em>_c) to assess the trophic level of all lakes, using Box-Whisker plots to compare the levels with current standards and provide spatial discrimination of eutrophication indicators (e.g., COD_Mn, NH₃-N, TP, TN, Chl-a, SD) among all lakes. Furthermore, change-point analysis was performed to determine the threshold values of indicators showing transition among different eutrophication levels in SJP. It was revealed that different eutrophication levels among all 11 lakes can be divided into mesotrophic, lightly-eutrophicated and moderately-eutrophicated states. Both Lake Shanghu and Lake Kuilei, which are under strict management as semi-enclosed drinking water resource areas, had the best water quality, achieving category Ⅱ to Ⅲ standards according to the state standards for surface water quality (GB 18918-2002) and belong to mesotrophic lakes category based on <em>TLI</em>_c. As the typical water-carrying lakes, Lake Dianshan and Lake Chenghu had the heaviest eutrophication level, with TN and TP concentrations recorded as an inferior Category V, classified as moderately-eutrophicated lakes. The other 7 lakes, including Lake Taihu were classified as lightly-eutrophicated. Based on change-point analysis, the threshold values for all indicators as transitional marks, from lightly-eutrophicated to moderately-eutrophicated states, were recommended as: 4.7mg/L of COD_Mn, 1.0mg/L of NH₃-N, 2.3mg/L of TN, 0.125mg/L of TP, 25μg/L of Chl-a, 0.5m of SD. It is notable that Lake Yangchenghu and Lake Yuandang were lingering near the turning point between the lightly-eutrophicated state and moderately-eutrophicated state; thereby, more efforts should be made to prevent these two lakes sliding into more heavily eutrophicated states. According to the main results, there is further discussion to be carried out on the advantages and disadvantages of lake-group analytical methods, as well as the reasons that caused differences in eutrophication level among all lakes within one geographic area (e.g. SJP), such as the natural characteristics of lakes, intensity of human disturbance and water resource management strategies. It can be suggested that setting the primary management goal as water-resource-protection rather than water-resource-utilization is the key to control lake eutrophication in SJP.

The key issue in ecological compensation of inter-basin water diversion projects is quantifying the compensation standard scientifically and reasonably in order to truly reflect the cost and benefit of related ecosystem services as well as to meet the needs of various stakeholders, by which the harmony of environmental and economic interests can be achieved. Based on the theory of valuable ecosystem services and the actual case of the Eastern Route of China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project (S-NWDP), this paper proposes a model to quantify the ecological compensation of inter-basin water diversion project. By using the Equivalent-factor (E-F) method the value of ecosystem services can be determined, and then the compensation standard is clear by comparing the growth of regional ecosystem service value with that of regional GDP of Yangzhou, Huai’an, Suqian and Xuzhou city in Jiangsu Province.

Based on the survey data of 43 rural commercial banks in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2015 to 2018, 14 indicators among 3 dimensions—coverage, business implementation and service quality—were selected to establish the inclusive finance index of rural commercial banks. The impact of market competition and government intervention on the development of the inclusive finance of rural commercial banks and the mechanism were empirically tested. The heterogeneous performance of market competition and government intervention in different market conditions were also thoroughly discussed. The results show that both market competition and government intervention can help reduce the pricing level and broaden the service coverage of rural commercial banks, which can promote the development of inclusive finance. But the role of market competition has a stronger impact than that of government intervention. The heterogeneity test shows that market competition plays a more significant role in the regions with higher levels of market competition and financial development, and in the southern and central Jiangsu Province, where the economy is relatively more developed. However, in the regions with lower levels of market competition and financial development, as well as in the northern Jiangsu Province, with a relatively backward economy, government intervention significantly improves the degree of inclusive finance of rural commercial banks. Finally, we advocate that the roles of market and government should be applied according to local conditions, and the development of the inclusive finance in rural commercial banks needs to be continuously promoted.

Agriculture has always been the focus of all countries, the rapid development of agriculture is inseparable from the strong support of finance. As a new financial model, agricultural product supply chain finance has attracted much attention. Through the analysis of the agricultural product supply chain finance model, we find that the core problem of agricultural supply chain finance is the management and control of supply chain financial risks. Based on the identification of financial risk categories of agricultural products supply chain, this paper constructs tan evaluation index system. Taking Jiangsu Province of China as the research object, this research collects relevant data of financial institutions, logistics enterprises, agricultural product production, and processing enterprises and farmers in southern and northern Jiangsu Province in 2021. The structural equation is used to establish the model. This statistical method can handle multiple potential variables at the same time, and allows observation variables and potential variables to contain measurement errors. The application of statistical methods that can handle multiple potential variables at the same time and allow observation variables and potential variables to contain measurement errors to build a model. By using the Amos calculation model, this research found that the factors affecting the financial risks of the agricultural product supply chain in Jiangsu Province from high to low are: the agricultural product pledge risks, the credit risks, the supply chain operation risks, the technical risks, the legal and policy risk. We hope this research can play a theoretical guiding role for the effective development of agricultural product supply chain finance business.

The evolvement of regional economic disparity of Jiangsu province in this paper is analyzed from spatial and time perspective using counties economic development level indicators from 2005 to 2015. The research methods combine the ESDA-GIS(exploratory spatial data analysis method in GIS) with traditional statistical analysis method including standard deviation coefficient of variation and spatial auto-correlation model. The research conclusion indicates the absolute and relative difference of county economic development level is expending and there exists strong spatial auto-correlation that counties with similar economic development level tend to be concentrated. There is a significant difference between the southern and northern Jiangsu province, which indicates county economy development is unbalanced in Jiangsu.

A chance constrained stochastic Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was developed for investigating the relations between PM2.5 pollution days and meteorological factors and human activities, incorporating with an empirical study for 13 cities in Jiangsu Province (China) to illustrate the model. This approach not only admits random input and output environment, but also allows the evaluation unit to exceed the front edge under the given probability constraint. Moreover, observing the change in outcome variables when a group of explanatory variables are deleted provides an additional strategic technique to measure the effect of the remaining explanatory variables. It is found that: (1) For 2013–2016, the influencing factors of PM2.5 pollution days included wind speed, no precipitation day, relative humidity, population density, construction area, transportation, coal consumption and green coverage rate. In 2016, the number of cities whose PM2.5 pollution days was affected by construction was decreased by three from 2015 but increased according to transportation and energy utilization. (2) The PM2.5 pollution days in southern and central Jiangsu Province were primarily affected by the combined effect of the meteorological factors and social progress, while the northern Jiangsu Province was largely impacted by the social progress. In 2013–2016, at different risk levels, 60% inland cities were of valid stochastic efficiency, while 33% coastal cities were of valid stochastic efficiency. (3) The chance constrained stochastic DEA, which incorporates the data distribution characteristics of meteorological factors and human activities, is valuable for exploring the essential features of data in investigating the influencing factors of PM2.5.

To investigate the distribution and density of Culex mosquito populations and the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to insecticides in Jiangsu Province in 2018 and 2019. During the period from June to October in 2018 and 2019, six counties (districts, cities) were sampled in southern, northern and central Jiangsu Province as surveillance sites. The density of Culex mosquitoes was measured overnight using the light trapping technique. In addition, Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes were collected from Hai'an of Nantong City and Yandu District of Yancheng City, central Jiangsu Province, and the sensitivity of female first filial generations to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), malation, proposur, beta cypermethrin and deltamethrin was tested using the standard WHO insecticide susceptibility test assay. A total of 104 423 Culex mosquitoes were captured in six surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province in 2018 and 2019, and Culex quinquefasciatus (49.11%), Culex pipiens pallens (28.38%), and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (21.04%) were predominant species. The density of Culex mosquitoes started to increase since early June, peaked in July and tended to be low in late October. Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes captured from Hai'an was susceptible to malation, while those from Yandu District were moderately resistant to malation. Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes from both Yandu and Hai'an were moderately resistant to proposur, and were resistant to DDT, beta cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex pipiens pallens and Culex tritaeniorhynchus are predominant Culex species in Jiangsu Province. Culex pipiens pallens is resistant to DT, beta cypermethrin and deltamethrin in central Jiangsu Province.

This study evaluated the agricultural eco-efficiency (AEE) of 77 counties and districts in Jiangsu Province from 1999 to 2018 using the slack-based measure (SBM) of efficiency in data envelopment analysis (DEA) (SBM-DEA) and analyzed its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors. We found that 1) the overall AEE, pure technology efficiency (PTE), and scale efficiency (SE) exhibited a fluctuating downward trend. AEE exhibited a significantly positive spatial association and an increasingly widening regional inequality. 2) AEE featured the “high south” and “low north” spatial pattern, with the high-value regions concentrated around the Taihu Lake plain region in southern Jiangsu Province (Sunan) and low-value regions scattered across most of the northern Jiangsu Province (Subei) cities. The high-high and low-low spatial association types further confirmed the existence of the north–south agglomeration pattern. 3) PTE and SE exhibited a similar “high south” and “low north” spatial pattern to that of AEE. The areas with the growth trends of AEE, PTE, and SE were clustered in Xuzhou and Nanjing city and in the bordering regions between Yangzhou and the Huai’an city, and also between Changzhou and the Wuxi city. 4) Excessive redundant input and use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, agricultural diesel, labor, land, and agricultural carbon emissions, all have been the primary factors affecting Jiangsu’s AEE. Irrigation also considerably affected AEE, while mechanical power and agricultural film have minimal effects. The majority of counties and districts in the Subei, central Jiangsu Province (Suzhong), and Ningzhen Yang Hilly region experienced excessive usage of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, agricultural diesel, labor, and land. The findings can improve understanding of the spatial association effect and underlying impediment of AEE and can further help policymakers promoting agricultural eco-efficiency.

Objective To analyze the importance and necessity of patient public education, and to explore its contents and approaches. Methods From September to October 2017, 2 224 medical workers and patients from 9 tertiary public hospitals among southern, central and northern Jiangsu province were surveyed with the self-designed questionnaire.Demographic data of respondents and their views related to patient public education topics were surveyed.Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were used to analyze the data. Results Some patients were irrational in their cognition of patients′ obligations, risk of disease, expectation of curative effect, and responsibility for medical malpractice. 19.9% of them held that patients were vulnerable groups who should not carry much obligations . Some of them were found with obvious negative emotions and unhealthy psychological characteristics.54.4% of the medical workers held that psychological conflicts among the various roles of patients lead to various behavioral contradictions , which obviously affected their medical work. Conclusions Patient public education can be an important approach to avoid irrationality of patients when they see doctors.Patient public education is an education activity against irrational cognition, psychology and behavior of the patients at large.It requires an orchestrated effort by the governments, schools, hospitals among other stakeholders. Key words: Questionnaire survey; Patient public education; Patients′ cognition; Patients′ psychology; Patients′ behavior