Quality Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Rice Makgeolli Supplemented With Rice Bran

This report addresses the safety of cosmetic ingredients derived from rice, Oryza sativa. Oils, Fatty Acids, and Waxes: Rice Bran Oil functions in cosmetics as a conditioning agent--occlusive in 39 formulations across a wide range of product types. Rice Germ Oil is a skin-conditioning agent--occlusive in six formulations in only four product categories. Rice Bran Acid is described as a surfactant-cleansing agent, but was not in current use. Rice Bran Wax is a skin-conditioning agent--occlusive in eight formulations in five product categories. Industry did not directly report any use of Rice Bran Wax. Hydrogenated Rice Bran Wax is a binder, skin-conditioning agent--occlusive, and viscosity-increasing agent--nonaqueous in 11 formulations in six product categories. Rice Bran Oil had an oral LD50 of > 5 g/kg in white rats and Rice Wax had an oral LD50 of > 24 g/kg in male mice. A three-generation oral dosing study reported no toxic or teratologic effects in albino rats fed 10% Rice Bran Oil compared to a control group fed Peanut Oil. Undiluted Rice Bran Oil, Rice Germ Oil, and Hydrogenated Rice Bran Wax were not irritants in animal skin tests. Rice Bran Oil was not a sensitizer. Rice Bran Oil, Rice Germ Oil, Rice Wax, and Hydrogenated Rice Bran Wax were negative in ocular toxicity assays. A mixture of Rice Bran Oil and Rice Germ Oil had a ultraviolet (UV) absorption maximum at 315 nm, but was not phototoxic in a dermal exposure assay. Rice Bran Oil was negative in an Ames assay, and a component, gamma-oryzanol, was negative in bacterial and mammalian mutagenicity assays. Rice oils, fatty acids, and waxes were, at most, mildly irritating in clinical studies. Extracts: Rice Bran Extract is used in six formulations in four product categories. Rice Extract is a hair-conditioning agent, but was not in current use. Hydrolyzed Rice Extract is used in four formulations and current concentration of use data were provided for other uses. Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Extract, described as a skin-conditioning agent--miscellaneous, is used in two product categories. Use concentrations are in the 1% to 2% range. Rice Bran Extract is comprised of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, mineral ash, and water. The content includes palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. Other components include antioxidants such as tocopherols. Rice Extract reduced the cytotoxicity of sodium chloride in male rats. Bran, Starch and Powder: Rice Bran (identified as rice hulls) is an abrasive and bulking agent in one formulation. Rice Starch is an absorbent and bulking agent in 51 formulations across a wide range of product categories. Rice Germ Powder is an abrasive and one manufacturer described an exfoliant use, but it was not reported to be used in 2002. Oral carcinogenicity studies done on components of Rice Bran (phytic acid and gamma-oryzanol) were negative. Rice Bran did not have an anticarcinogenic effect on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced large bowel tumors. In cocarcinogenicity studies done using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and other agents, with Rice Bran Oil and Rice Bran-derived hemicellulose and saccharide, tumor inhibition was observed; gamma-oryzanol did not inhibit the development of neoplasms. A decrease in cutaneous lesions in atopic dermatitis patients was reported following bathing with a Rice Bran preparation. Proteins: Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein and Hydrolyzed Rice Protein function as conditioning agents (hair or skin), but only the latter was reported to be used in a few products. An in vitro phototoxicity assay using UVA light found no photochemical toxicity. Rice bran protein hydrolysates are not acutely toxic, are not skin or ocular irritants in animals, are not skin sensitizers in guinea pig maximization tests, and are not irritating or sensitizing in clinical tests. Isolated cases of allergy to raw rice have been reported, but rice, in general, is considered non allergenic. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel considered that safety test data available on certain of these ingredients could be extrapolated to the entire group. Although Rice Bran Extract does contain UV absorbing compounds at low concentrations, clinical experience suggested no phototoxicity would be associated with such materials. Rice derived ingredients generally are considered to be non allergenic. There were no safety test data available for Hydrolyzed Rice Extract and Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Extract, but their safety may be inferred from that of the extracts from which they are derived. Current levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals in rice-derived ingredients used in cosmetics are not a safety concern. The Panel was concerned, however, that contaminants such as pesticides have been reported in Rice Bran Oil used for cooking. Pesticides and heavy metals should not exceed currently reported levels for rice-derived cosmetic ingredients. The CIR Expert Panel concluded that these rice-derived ingredients are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentrations as described in this safety assessment.

Determination of the content of water and rice bran in solid media used for mushroom cultivation using near-infrared spectroscopy

Background: Fiber intake provides many health benefits including reduced risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and certain gastrointestinal disease. One of the foods that have high fiber content is rice bran. The addition of rice bran in ice cream to enrich the fiber content of ice cream, so that the ice cream is produced has more complete nutritional value. White rice, red rice, white glutinous rice, and black glutinous rice are well known by Indonesian people. Therefore, it is necessary to study about fiber and fat content of ice cream with the addition of white, red, white glutinous, and black glutinous rice bran. Objective: Analyze the difference of fiber content, fat content, physical properties (overrun and melting rate), and level of acceptance by the addition different types of rice and glutinous rice bran in ice cream. Methods: Experimental study completely randomized design with single factor. Rice bran varieties used were white, red, white glutinous, and black glutinous rice bran with addition of 10% rice bran. The analyzes are crude fiber content, fat content, physical properties, and level of acceptance of ice cream with the addition of rice and glutinous rice bran varieties. Data described the physical properties of ice cream by calculating the average overrun and melting rate. Statistical analysis of the fiber content using one way ANOVA, while the fat content using Kruskal-wallis. The level of acceptance analyzed by Friedman test followed Wilcoxon test. Results: The addition of different types of rice and glutinous rice bran statistically no effect on fiber and fat content of ice cream. The highest overrun is in the ice cream without the addition of rice bran. The lastest melting rate is in the of ice cream with the addition white rice and white glutinous rice bran. The addition of different types of rice and glutinous rice bran decrease level of acceptance includes the color, flavor, texture, and flavor of ice cream. Conclusions: The highest fiber content is in the ice cream with the addition of black glutinous rice bran. The lowest fat content is in the ice cream with the addition of white rice bran. Recommended ice cream is ice cream with the addition of white glutinous rice bran.

ABSTRACTThis study was undertaken to evaluate the lipidemic response of rice bran and the possible enhancement of its healthful properties by using raw or processed white or brown rice in place of corn starch. All diets contained 10% total dietary fiber, 15% fat, and 0.5% cholesterol. Weanling male golden Syrian hamsters were fed cellulose control (CC), processed corn starch (PCS), cellulose with processed brown rice (CPBR), rice bran (RB), RB with white rice (RBWR), RB with processed white rice (RBPWR), RB with brown rice (RBBR), and RB with processed brown rice (RBPBR) diets. After three weeks, the PCS diet significantly lowered total plasma cholesterol (TC) compared with the CC, CPBR, RBWR, and RBPBR diets. RB and RBBR diets significantly lowered TC and LDL‐C compared with CPBR diet. All the RB‐containing and PCS diets significantly lowered liver cholesterol and liver lipid content. Processing white rice increased TDF content 240% and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) 360%, whereas soluble dietary fiber (SDF) decreased by 25%. Uncooked brown rice contained 7 times as much TDF as uncooked white rice. Processing brown rice decreased its TDF, IDF and SDF contents by 12, 6, and 42%, respectively. The data suggest that a possible mechanism for cholesterol‐lowering by rice bran, with or without added raw or processed rice (white or brown), is by decreasing lipid digestibility and increasing neutral sterol excretion, whereas cholesterol‐lowering by processed corn starch is mediated through other mechanisms.

This study investigated the antioxidant content and activity of phenolic acids, anthocyanins, α-tocopherol and γ-oryzanol in pigmented rice (black and red rice) brans. After methanolic extraction, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity were measured. The pigmented rice bran extract had a greater reducing power than a normal rice bran extract from a long grain white rice. All bran extracts were highly effective in inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation (60-85%). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of antioxidants in rice bran found that γ-oryzanol (39-63%) and phenolic acids (33-43%) were the major antioxidants in all bran samples, and black rice bran also contained anthocyanins 18-26%. HPLC analysis of anthocyanins showed that pigmented bran was rich in cyanidin-3-glucoside (58-95%). Ferulic acid was the dominant phenolic acid in the rice bran samples. Black rice bran contained gallic, hydroxybenzoic, and protocatechuic acids in higher contents than red rice bran and normal rice bran. Furthermore, the addition of 5% black rice bran to wheat flour used for making bread produced a marked increase in the free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity compared to a control bread.

Different rice cultivars have been developed in order to obtain grains with optimal cultivation and compositional characteristics, which affect their potential applications. Therefore, the characterization of these different rice cultivars is required. In the present study, white rice and rice bran from the cultivars BRS AG, BRS Pampa, and BRS 358 provided by EMBRAPA were characterized by physicochemical means, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), and thermal analyses. The moisture, lipid, and ash contents did not differ among the white rice cultivars. The cultivar BRS Pampa exhibited the highest protein and lowest total carbohydrate contents. Both BRS Pampa and BRS 358 showed a higher phytic acid content than BRS AG. The highest total carbohydrate content was observed in BRS AG white rice samples, which confirmed its suitability for use in ethanol production. Among the rice bran samples, BRS 358 demonstrated the highest contents of lipid, protein, and phytic acid, and the lowest total carbohydrate content. FTIR-ATR and thermal analyses were suitable for correlating the physicochemical properties of white rice and rice bran with the molecular composition in the respective cultivars studied. Both white rice and rice bran exhibited a thermal degradation temperature at 300 °C. Lipids, protein, ash and phytic acid were considerably higher in rice bran than white rice in all cultivars studied, which demonstrates the importance of the use of this by-product.

The effect of mixed strain culture of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Yeast, and yeast or L. brevis, L. plantarum, or L. sanfranciscencison the physicochemical properties (pH, TTA, organic acid, ethanol, and sugar content) of rice bran sourdough was investigated. Starter culture with optimum physicochemical properties was used to ferment rice and wheat bran for sourdough production. Rice and wheat bran sourdough and non-fermented rice and wheat bran were mixed with wheat flour at 10% substitution level for bread production. Results showed that rice bran fermented with L. plantarumhad the best physicochemical properties compared to rice bran sourdough produced by other LAB or mixed culture. The specific volume of bread sample made with rice bran sourdough (4.65 cm3/g) was higher than that of the bread samples made from wheat bran sourdough (4.32 cm3/g) and non-fermented bran (3.74 –4.24 cm3/g), but not significantly different from the control (100% wheat) bread (4.85 cm3/g). The crumb colour of the rice bran and rice bran sourdough substituted bread was lighter than that of the other bread samples. Crust colour of all the bread samples was not significantly different (p > 0.05). At the end of 6 days storage period, bread samples from control and wheat bran sourdough were firmer than that from rice bran sourdough, however, crumb firmness values were highest in non-fermented bran substituted bread. Sensory analysis result revealed that rice bran sourdough bread was more acceptable than wheat bran sourdough bread, and non-fermented rice and wheat bran substituted bread.

Rice bran, a rice by-product yielded by the milling process, has recently been recognized as a potential source of natural active constituents. Black rice bran has the highest antioxidant capacity compared to white and brown rice bran. It is correlated with the contribution of phenolic compounds in rice bran. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenolic content in black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) bran ethanolic extract from two different regions in Java, Indonesia, using Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR). Black rice bran samples used in this study were planted in Ciletuh Geopark Sukabumi, West Java (BRBE1), and Karanganyar Regency, Central Java (BRBE2). The parameters observed were total phenolic content, and the result was statistically tested with an unpaired t-test by GraphPad Prism 8.3.0 application. The samples contained 175.48 mg GAE/g extract in BRBE1 and 174.39 mg GAE/g extract in BRBE2. There was no significant difference based on these results. It can be concluded that both samples contained phenolic compounds and statistically, there was no significant difference.

We examined butanol fermentation by Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 using various hydrolyzates obtained from rice bran, which is one of the most abundant agricultural by-products in Korea and Japan. In order to increase the amount of fermentable sugars in the hydrolyzates of rice bran, various hydrolysis procedures were applied. Eight different hydrolyzates were prepared using rice bran (RB) and defatted rice bran (DRB) with enzyme or acid treatment or both. Each hydrolyzate was evaluated in terms of total sugar concentration and butanol production after fermentation by C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052. Acid treatment yielded more sugar than enzyme treatment, and combined treatment with enzyme and acid yielded even more sugars as compared with single treatment with enzyme or acid. As a result, the highest sugar concentration (33 g/l) was observed from the hydrolyzate from DRB (100 g/l) with combined treatment using enzyme and acid. Prior to fermentation of the hydrolyzates, we examined the effect of P2 solution containing yeast extract, buffer, minerals, and vitamins on production of butanol during the fermentation. Fermentation of the hydrolyzates with or without addition of P2 was performed using C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 in a 1-l anaerobic bioreactor. Although the RB hydrolyzates were able to support growth and butanol production, addition of P2 solution into the hydrolyzates significantly improved cell growth and butanol production. The highest butanol production (12.24 g/l) was observed from the hydrolyzate of DRB with acid and enzyme treatment after supplementation of P2 solution.

Enhancement of phenolic acid content and antioxidant activity of rice bran fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus and Monascus purpureus

ABSTRACTBrans from rice, oats, corn, and wheat were cooked in a twin‐screw extruder at either high or low energy input, and their cholesterol‐lowering effects were compared with those of unprocessed brans when fed to four‐week‐old male golden Syrian hamsters (n = 10 per treatment) for three weeks. Peanut oil was added to oat, corn, and wheat bran during the extrusion process to match the oil content of rice bran. Diets contained 10% total dietary fiber, 10.3% fat, 3% nitrogen, and 0.3% cholesterol. Plasma and liver cholesterol and total liver lipids were significantly lower with low‐energy extruded wheat bran compared with unprocessed wheat bran. Extrusion did not alter the hypocholesterolemic effects of rice, oat, or corn brans. Plasma and liver cholesterol levels with corn bran were similar to those with oat bran. Relative cholesterol‐lowering effects of the brans, determined with pooled (extruded and unextruded) bran data, were rice bran > oat bran > corn bran > wheat bran. Rice bran diets resulted in significantly lower levels of total plasma cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with all other brans. Total liver cholesterol and liver cholesterol concentrations (mg/g) were significantly lower with high‐energy extruded rice bran compared with the cellulose control group. Plasma cholesterol and total liver cholesterol values with low‐energy extruded wheat bran were similar to those with rice bran (unextruded or extruded) diets. Lowered cholesterol with rice bran diets may result in part from greater lipid and sterol excretion with these diets. Results with low‐energy extruded wheat bran suggest that this type of processing may improve the potential for lowering cholesterol with wheat bran products.

This investigation was carried out to study the possibility of extraction of some natural antioxidative phenolic compounds from rice milling by-products (defatted black rice bran, defatted white rice bran, black rice hull and white rice hull). The extracted phenolic compounds were tested as natural antioxidants using cotton seed oil after deep frying (170-180)°C of potato for 25 hours. The results indicated that Ethanol gave the highest extract yield of all extracts. Ethanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for phenolic compound (5.31, 4.80, 2.90 and 2.10 mg/g), for Defatted black rice bran, Defatted white rice bran, white rice hull, and black rice hull extracts, respectively and also showed the strongest antioxidant activity of Defatted black rice bran extract activity owing to its high content of phenolic and flavonoids compounds. Ferulic acid was the major phenolic compounds presented and identified in defatted black rice bran; defatted white rice bran and black rice hull while, Caffeic acid was the major phenolic compounds presented and identified in White rice hull. The highest inhibition ratio IC50 was (0.097) found in TBHQ extract following by Defatted black rice bran, Defatted white rice bran, Black rice hull and White rice hull. Peroxide value, Thiobarbituric acid)TBA( value and polymer content of cotton seed oil increased by increase of frying time, furthermore, defatted black rice bran ethanolic extract (400 ppm) was more effective as antioxidant than those of the other studied by-products of the rice milling .

Production of d-lactic acid from defatted rice bran by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation

Anaerobic fermentation of rice bran with rumen liquor for reducing their fiber components to use as chicken feed

Defatted sesame cake and rice bran are all by-products of agricultural processing. The aim of the study was to optimize the recipes of kefir added with defatted sesame flour and rice bran. The previous study has yielded some results including dietary fiber content, pH values and sensory evaluation values of kefir samples added with 0, 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 % DSC and 0, 0.1 %, 0.3 %, 0.5 %, 0.7 % RB, but made no optimization of kefir products. Based on these data, formulation optimization was done using a mathematical model. Two central composite designs for the two-factor analysis (x1x2 and x1x3, respectively) and one three-factor design (x1x2x3) were drawn up to predict the optimal formulation and reduce the number of future experiments. After studying the results of mathematical modeling, the optimal prescription composition corresponds to the 2 % DSC or 0.1 % rice bran content or 2 % DSC and 0.4 % RB content in the recipe. Through mathematical optimization, products with high dietary fiber content, suitable acidity and excellent sensory quality can be obtained. The products meet the current social demand for healthy food and have very good research value. In practical use, three kinds of kefir can be developed: 1. DSC should be ground separately before used, 2 % DSC was introduced into cow milk (m/v), fermented at 28°C for 22 h until pH reached 4.7, then stored at 4 °C; 2. RB should be ground before used, 0.4 % RB was introduced into cow milk (m/v), fermented at 28°C for 22 h until pH reached 4.7, then stored at 4°C; 3. DSC and RB should be ground before used, 2 % DSC and 0.4 % RB were introduced into cow milk (m/v), fermented at 28 °C for 22 h until pH reached 4.7, then stored at 4 °C