Abstract
Rhodiola rosea has been used in folk medicine as ethanolic macerates for a long time. This study aims to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis and comparison of different ethanolic Rhodiola rosea rhizome macerates (35%, 70%, and 96% v/v) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) extracts prepared with 85% methanol, in order to shed light on the effectivity of different extraction methods. Extract samples were analyzed by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn on a ZORBAX SB-C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of water + 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. Qualitative analysis lead to the tentative identification of 18 compounds: Two cyanogenic glycosides (rhodiocyanoside A, lotaustralin), three phenylethanoids (salidroside, viridoside, 2-phenylethyl-vicianoside), two procyanidin and catechin derivatives (epigallocatechin-epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate), five phenylpropanoids (cinnamyl alcohol, rosarin, rosavin, rosin, cinnamyl-(6’-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl)-O-β-glucopyranoside), two monoterpene alcohols (rhodioloside E, rosiridin) and four flavonols (rhodionidin, rhodiosin, rhodionin, kaempferol). Quantity was determined for salidroside, cinnamyl alcohol and its three major glycosides (rosarin, rosavin, rosin), as well as three flavonols (rhodionidin, rhodiosin, rhodionin). Methanolic ASE proved to be the superior extraction method for different substance groups. For macerates, high ethanol content increased yield and lowered hydrolysis of glycosides during extraction, but ethanolic macerates still showed low reproducibility and high fluctuations in quantity of marker compounds salidroside and rosavins, as well as flavonols. Rhodiola rosea rhizomes of wild origins seemed to underly great variability in chemical composition dependent on grow site.
Highlights
Rhodiola rosea L. (Sedum roseum (L.) Scop.) is a herbaceous plant belonging to the family Crassulaceae.It grows up to 70 cm in height, has succulent leaves, and forms thick rhizomes [1]
Our study aims to provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis, as well as comparison, of different Rhodiola rosea rhizome extracts, prepared by maceration with different concentrations of ethanol and accelerated solvent extraction with methanol
Qualitative results were obtained by interpreting mass spectrometric and diode array detector (DAD)-UV data in the Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) chromatographic profile of the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) extract of Rhodiola rosea rhizomes, collected during the flowering season in the Gurktal Alps
Summary
Rhodiola rosea L. (Sedum roseum (L.) Scop.) is a herbaceous plant belonging to the family Crassulaceae.It grows up to 70 cm in height, has succulent leaves, and forms thick rhizomes [1]. The plant is indigenous to arctic regions of eastern Siberia, but wild populations can be found on rocky terrain, sea-cliffs and mountains in northern and central Europe, Alaska, or Canada [2,3,4]. Preparations of Rhodiola rosea have found use in Altai folk medicine as a tonic and for treatment of several conditions, in form of infusions and tinctures [1]. References for use in Scandinavia and Iceland date back to the 18th century, with different indications like headache, diarrhea, skin conditions, swellings and as tonic. The indigenous Sami of northern Scandinavia are reported to chew on rhizomes during long journeys, for its adaptogenic properties [3]. Rhodiola rosea extracts have officially been recommended in Russia as
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