Abstract
Appropriate human activities can have significantly positive effects on vegetation dynamics. In the past 50 years, various ecological policies have improved both ecological change and human well-being in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), efficiently achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. During 1981–2017, the annual mean normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the protected areas (PAs) tended to increase significantly at a rate of 2.93 × 10−4/a (p < 0.01), while non-PAs only increased by 0.6 × 10−4/a (p < 0.5). Improvement in the NDVI of the PAs is more obvious than that of non-PAs. Specifically, the earlier the establishment of the Pas is, the more significant the greening effect will be. Moreover, ecological protection has not slowed improvements in human welfare; on the contrary, the Human Development Index (HDI) has nearly doubled in the past 40 years. In terms of global ecological construction, the Chinese government has demonstrated the responsibilities of a large country in global ecological governance. Chinese initiatives can guide other nations in contributing to the global sustainability aspirations embodied in the 2030 SDGs Agenda. This study can be used as a reference for other countries in the world to coordinate the development of ecological protection and well-being.
Highlights
Vegetation is the main part of the earth’s ecosystems and the important medium for energy exchange, water cycles, and biogeochemical cycles on terrestrial surfaces [1,2]
This study can be used as a reference for other countries in the world to coordinate the development of ecological protection and well-being
In the past 30 years, vegetation coverage has shown a spatial pattern of overall imNDVI increases in the mid-northern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which is dominated by alpine meadows, acprovement
Summary
Vegetation is the main part of the earth’s ecosystems and the important medium for energy exchange, water cycles, and biogeochemical cycles on terrestrial surfaces [1,2]. The QTP is the starting and regulating area for climate change in the northern hemisphere and is called the climate source and ecological source [9,10,11,12,13,14]. Surface snow and vegetation directly affect the reflectivity of surfaces, changing the heating conditions of the ground and the atmosphere. In the spring and winter, when there is a lot of vegetation cover, sensible heat increases, and air temperatures at the surface and in the troposphere increase. The QTP’s vegetation greening has been observed in response to recent warming and increased growing season vegetation activity may have attenuated surface warming [1,15]
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