PVP-Assisted Synthesis of Fe-TiO2 for Efficient Tetracycline Degradation via Peroxymonosulfate Activation
Tetracycline (TC) is chemically stable and recalcitrant to natural degradation. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes offer an effective removal strategy, the efficacy of which relies on high-performance heterogeneous catalysts. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an ideal material due to its stability and environmental compatibility, yet its practical application is hindered by inadequate PMS activation capacity, particle agglomeration, and difficult recovery. To address these limitations, a heterogeneous Fe/TiO2 catalyst was constructed via Fe3+ doping, innovatively utilizing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a structure-directing agent. PVP’s steric hindrance effectively suppressed nanoparticle agglomeration and enabled high dispersion of Fe active sites, simultaneously enhancing catalytic activity and stability. Under optimized conditions, the Fe/TiO2/PMS system achieved 94.3% TC degradation, following pseudo-first-order kinetics and significantly outperforming pure TiO2 used in this experimental system. Radical quenching verified sulfate radicals (SO4•−) as the dominant species. The catalyst demonstrated excellent recyclability, retaining over 80% degradation efficiency after six cycles and enabling convenient magnetic separation. Moreover, in complex water matrices (tap water and seawater), it sustained high removal efficiency (>90% initially, >70% after six cycles), highlighting its superior anti-interference capability and practical potential. This work offers a strategic material design strategy for efficient and robust TC removal in challenging water environments.
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In the current work, a novel Co-Fe bimetallic immobilized cellulose hydrogel bead (CoFeO@CHB) was prepared via in situ chemical precipitation followed by heat treatment and applied for tetracycline (TC) degradation in the presence of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The characterization results indicated that the Co-Fe particles were evenly distributed within the porous cellulose hydrogel beads, without affecting their morphologies or crystal structures. During the TC degradation, the CoFeO@CHB/PMS system showed a high resistance and stability to different water bodies, and the common anions and natural organic matters showed a limited effect on TC degradation. The chemical quenching experiments (using chemicals to react with specific reactive species) as well as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results showed that CoFeO@CHB can effectively active PMS to generate multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS, such as SO4•−, •OH and 1O2), in which the 1O2-dominated non-radical pathway played a vital role in TC degradation. Both Co and Fe were proposed as the active sites for PMS activation, and the CoFeO@CHB/PMS system showed a high potential in practical application due to its high selectivity and robustness with much less toxic intermediate products. Furthermore, a long-term continuous home-made dead-end filtration device was constructed to evaluate the stability and application potential of the CoFeO@CHB/PMS system, in which a >70% removal was maintained in a continuous 800 min filtration. These results showed the promising potential for cellulose hydrogel beads utilized as a metal-based nanomaterial substrate for organic degradation via PMS activation.
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