Abstract
AimsComplex traumas are traumatic experiences that involve multiple interpersonal threats during childhood or adolescence, such as repeated abuse. This type of trauma is hypothesized to lead to more severe psychopathology and poorer cognitive function than other non-complex traumas, such as road traffic accidents. However, empirical testing of this hypothesis has been limited to clinical or convenience samples and cross-sectional designs. To better understand this topic, we aimed to investigate psychopathology and cognitive function in young people exposed to complex, non-complex, or no trauma from a population-representative longitudinal cohort, and to consider the role of pre-existing vulnerabilities.MethodParticipants were from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a population-representative birth-cohort of 2,232 children born in England and Wales in 1994-95. At age 18 years (93% participation), we assessed lifetime exposure to complex and non-complex trauma. We also assessed past-year psychopathology including general psychopathology ‘p’ and several psychiatric disorders, as well as current cognitive function including IQ, executive function, and processing speed. Additionally, we prospectively assessed early childhood vulnerabilities including internalizing and externalizing symptoms at age 5, IQ at age 5, family history of mental illness, family socioeconomic status, and sex.ResultWe found that participants who had been exposed to complex trauma had more severe psychopathology and poorer cognitive function across wide-ranging measures at age 18, compared to both trauma-unexposed participants and those exposed to non-complex trauma. Early childhood vulnerabilities had an important role in these presentations, as they predicted risk of later complex trauma exposure, and largely explained associations of complex trauma with cognitive deficits, but not with psychopathology.ConclusionBy conflating complex and non-complex traumas, current research and clinical practice under-estimate the severity of psychopathology and cognitive deficits linked with complex trauma, as well as the role of pre-existing vulnerabilities. A better understanding of the mental health needs of people exposed to complex trauma and underlying mechanisms could inform the development of new effective interventions.
Highlights
Following data collection we fed back to the wards about our results and discussions were held between doctors, charge nurses, pharmacists and resuscitation officers to determine whether missing equipment were neccesary in the community setting and to see if there were updates that required for our local protocol to better reflect current practices as it had not been reviewed since 2012
Folloing our first data collection we found that the resuscitation trolleys tended to not have ligature packs and masks were generally not by the oxygen cylinders
All the recommendations that were made for the 1st data collection had been done
Summary
Psychiatric hospitals are well equipped to manage patients with complex psychiatric needs, due to their community setting when a rare medical emergency occurs it is not unusual for a small delay whilst staff search for equipment on the ward or even go to other wards for equipment. The aim of this audit is to ensure that our psychiatric wards in Carseview Centre are well equipped to respond to patients becoming medically unwell and put our nurses and doctors in a position to safely stabilise the patient until furthur help arrives. We collected data from 3 inpatient adult wards, 1 intensive psychiatric care unit and 1 learning disability unit and compared their resuscitation trolley equipment with local NHS Tayside Emergency Equipment Protocol in January 2020.
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