Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to translate and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) among the Iranian general population during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Method: This study was methodological cross-sectional. It was conducted on an Iranian public population from April to July 2020 which was during the COVID-19 pandemic. Construct validity was determined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a total of 500 adults recruited via online data gathering. Reliability was checked through the average inter-item correlation (AIC), Cronbach's alpha, and McDonald's omega. Convergent and divergent validity was determined using Fornell and Larcker's approach.Results: The results showed that the Persian version of IES-R had three factors, including intrusion (six items), avoidance (seven items), and hyperarousal (five items), that explained 59.22% of the total variance of the IES-R. The CFA findings indicated that all goodness-of-fit indices confirmed the model fit. The Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega, composite reliability (CR), and maximal reliability were excellent, and the three factors have good convergent validity.Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that the Persian version of the IES-R scale is efficient and useful to assess post-traumatic stress disorder among Iran general population in the COVID-19 outbreak.
Highlights
The outbreak of COVID-19, a disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV 2 virus innovation began in late December 2019 and was named “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization
The findings of a systematic review study have concluded that the COVID-19 outbreak has a negative psychological impact such as anxiety (6.33–50.9%), depression (14.6–48.3%), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (7–53.8%), psychological distress (34.43–38%), and stress (8.1–81.9%) on the general population [8]
The original version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) is a self-report, short, and administered questionnaire to assess PTSD based on the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and can be used with both healthy and frail individuals who are exposed to any specific traumatic event
Summary
The outbreak of COVID-19, a disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV 2 virus innovation began in late December 2019 and was named “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization. Similar to the previous pandemic events, COVID-19 pandemic caused significant psychological problems for the general population especially among susceptible individuals across the different countries [4]. The findings of a systematic review study have concluded that the COVID-19 outbreak has a negative psychological impact such as anxiety (6.33–50.9%), depression (14.6–48.3%), PTSD (7–53.8%), psychological distress (34.43–38%), and stress (8.1–81.9%) on the general population [8]. The findings of a metaanalysis study have revealed significant difference between the global depression rate in 2017 (3.44%) and 2020 (25%) [9] that may reflect the variety of stressors including long quarantine, fear of infection, frustration, boredom, insufficient resources (food, water, clothing, accommodation), insufficient information, financial losses, and stigma experienced by individuals [10]. Similar to the previous pandemic events, COVID-19 leads to financial distress due to the slowdown of economic activities and the measures of health systems to control the pandemic [11, 12]
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