Abstract
BackgroundThe study aimed to examine whether after confounding by possible socio-demographic and other risk factors, psychological well-being is independently associated with reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.MethodsInitial data were collected within the framework of the international project HAPIEE in 2006–2008. A random sample of 7115 individuals aged 45–72 years was screened. Deaths were evaluated by death register of Kaunas city (Lithuania) in a follow-up study till 2016. Psychological well-being was evaluated by a CASP-12 questionnaire. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, biologic factors and depressive symptoms were evaluated.ResultsAge-adjusted survival curves revealed that psychological well-being predicts longevity in men and women (p < 0.001). After adjustment for many possible confounders psychological well-being was independently associated with all-cause mortality in men (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.62–0.94) and women (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.56–0.96). However, psychological well-being association with cardiovascular mortality attained statistical significance only in the women’s group (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.33–0.87), but not in men (HR 0.98; 95% CI 0.72–1.33).ConclusionsPsychological well-being is an important predictor of longevity, controlling well-recognized risk factors such as age, education, cardiovascular diseases, social status, marital status, lifestyle and biological factors and depressive symptoms. Positive psychological well-being should be taken into account when screening older people to prevent negative health outcomes.
Highlights
The study aimed to examine whether after confounding by possible socio-demographic and other risk factors, psychological well-being is independently associated with reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality
As for the other covariates, the current analysis revealed that mediating effects on the association between psychological well-being (PWB) and mortality were less significant
The Kaplan–Meier survival curves for cumulative allcause mortality and mortality from CVD according to the categories of PWB for men and women, adjusted for age are presented in Figs. 1 and 2
Summary
The study aimed to examine whether after confounding by possible socio-demographic and other risk factors, psychological well-being is independently associated with reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Results Age-adjusted survival curves revealed that psychological well-being predicts longevity in men and women (p < 0.001). After adjustment for many possible confounders psychological well-being was independently associated with all-cause mortality in men (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.62–0.94) and women (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.56–0.96). Conclusions Psychological well-being is an important predictor of longevity, controlling well-recognized risk factors such as age, education, cardiovascular diseases, social status, marital status, lifestyle and biological factors and depressive symptoms. Some studies suggest psychological well-being’s (PWB) effect on long-term survival [5,6,7,8], especially its protective role from CVD mortality [9]. It has been argued that PWB does not have any direct effect on mortality [12, 13]
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