Psychological Characteristics of Personality of Psychotherapists Working in Different Therapeutic Modalities

Online games are popular entertainment in all circles, especially among teenagers. Game addiction is excessive and repetitive gaming activities that can result in impulse disorders, anxiety, social problems, and the inability to control gaming activities. Online game addiction needs to be overcome, one of which is by providing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a psychotherapy that integrates two approaches: cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. This study aims to find out the role of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as the right choice to help adolescents who are addicted to online games. The research method used is in the form of a literature review. Researchers analyzed some previous research journals related to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and online game addiction. The results of the study show that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is an effective method to reduce online game addiction in adolescents. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can help adolescents learn to restrain and control excessive cravings to play games so that they can reduce impulsivity disorders, anxiety, and social problems. Adolescents who are addicted to online games can benefit from the help of counselors in identifying, understanding, and changing unhealthy mindsets and behaviors so that they can improve their quality of life by doing more beneficial positive activities.

Reviewing and putting together this last issue of my Journal of Multicutural Counseling and Development (JMCD) editorship was a high honor and privilege, particularly because the authors of this issue represent the oldest cultural group of the United States, American Indians, and whose scholarship included in JMCD represents current social conditions of U.S. indigenous people vis-a-vis modernist European American psychology and counseling. I first heard the authors present their research at the 2011 Winter Roundtable of Teachers College, Columbia University, and was convinced that the wider readership of JMCD, outside of a cross-cultural conference, would gain from reading about American Indian well-being, resilience, empowerment, mental health assessment, academic development, and social justice advocacy. The present issue’s articles made me question how American Indian healing might be translated into European American therapy practices. When I was training to be a practitioner in the 1980s, I had read that American Indians preferred Native American and client-centered therapies. On the other hand, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is currently the most popular practice in the United States, and its well-researched empirically supported treatments have the approval of managed care, third-party payers, and government research funding. Therefore, I searched the literature on the effectiveness of CBT with American Indians. In this introduction to the special issue, I refer to one particular article (Jackson, Schmutzer, Wenzel, & Tyler, 2006) whose findings were consistent with the researchand practice-based evidence that compose the present issue. CBT is a therapeutic approach that has been found to correspond with European American cultural views, making CBT a largely effective therapy for this population. The usefulness of this approach with American Indian clients is not entirely clear, however. Jackson et al. (2006) discussed the applicability of CBT with American Indians in comparison to European Americans, as part of an effort to assess if CBT is an appropriate therapy to use with this ethnic group, if certain aspects of CBT can be adjusted for American Indian clients, and whether one’s level of acculturation affects CBT’s effectiveness. The authors assessed American

he study explores the significant predictive relationship between emotional intelligence, motivation, and dysfunctional attitude among substance use patients with the role of cognitive behavior therapy. The sample was comprised of 150 addictive patients. Among 150 patients, 40 were selected for intervention. The sample was divided into two groups of 20 each in the experimental and controlled groups. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique from Poly Clinic Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan. To estimate the constructs following scales were used Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form Scale, Situational Motivation Scale, Dysfunctional Attitude Scale Short Form and Drug Abuse Screening Test all in Urdu. Patients with a high level of dysfunctional attitude were selected for intervention. For each participant, 12 sessions were planned. The statistical calculations were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences(V-26). Regression analysis confirmed that emotional intelligence and motivation is a significant predictors of dysfunctional attitudes in substance used patients [R²=.066; F (2, 147) = 5.198, p<.01] with 6.6% explained variation in the dysfunctional attitude due to emotional intelligence and motivation. The effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy was also evident with the experimental groups mean score of emotional intelligence (M=78.6, M = 169.00), motivation (M=58.1, M = 92.10) and dysfunctional attitude (M=61.1, M = 26.00) pre and posttest scores. It indicates that Cognitive Behavior Therapy was effective in the treatment of drug addicts to deal with lower levels of motivation and emotional intelligence as well as higher dysfunctional attitudes. For emotional intelligence, results showed that there is change in mean score of experimental groups (M=78.6, M = 169.00) For motivation, results showed that there is change in mean score of experimental groups (M=58.1, M = 92.10). For dysfunctional attitude, results showed that there is change in mean score of experimental groups (M=61.1, M = 26.00) which indicate that Cognitive Behavior Therapy was effective in treatment of drug addicts to deal with lower levels of motivation and emotional intelligence as well as higher dysfunctional attitude.

The use of CBT based, brief, facilitated self-help interventions in primary care mental health service provision: Evaluation of a 10-day training programme

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be an efficacious treatment for youth anxiety, but we need to know more about the process of change. Affective network variability, or the "spread" of positive and negative emotions activated across a given time period, has been found to be positively associated with anxiety disorder symptomatology, but it is not yet known how this construct changes in response to intervention or its association with anxiety-focused treatment outcomes. The present study used a dynamical systems framework to model ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data collected via a cellular telephone from 114 youth aged 9-14years (Mage = 10.94, SD = 1.46) who were seeking treatment for a primary anxiety disorder. We examined patterns of affective network variability over time and across (a) CBT and (b) client-centered therapy (CCT) to determine whether affective network changes were specific to CBT or due to nonspecific factors. Associations between treatment outcomes and patterns of affect at pretreatment and over the course of the treatments were also examined. Results revealed significant decreases in affective network variability over the course of treatment for youth who received CBT, but not for youth who received CCT. Changes in affective network variability over the course of treatment did not predict treatment outcomes. Findings provide initial support for the dynamical systems approach to examining changes that occur during treatment. Implications and future research are discussed.

Existing rating scales measuring therapist execution of the components of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) have been criticized as too narrow to assess the theorized multidimensional structure of CBT. The current study sought to evaluate the factor structure of the combination of existing CBT therapist rating scales. A second goal of the study was to test a newly developed patient rating scale for use in CBT for bulimia nervosa. Therapy sessions from patients receiving a standardized CBT protocol for bulimia nervosa were coded and analyzed using both confirmatory (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The factor structures obtained were consistent across the CFA and EFA and were also consistent across raters and sessions. The therapist factors obtained were: therapist interpersonal effectiveness, cognitive interventions, structure, behavioral interventions and assumptions. These five factors corresponded well with theory about the major components of CBT. The obtained patient factors were also highly consistent with CBT treatment principles. Uses of the comprehensive rating scale for CBT for clinical and research purposes are discussed.

Contemporary Models of Psychotherapy: A Comparative Analysis, 2nd ed.

Abstract: Background: The original developers of motivational interviewing (MI) describe the foundation of their therapeutic method in the person-centered tradition of Carl Rogers. Although MI is sometimes interpreted as a cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), it did not derive from learning theory and has from the beginning been understood and expounded as a person-centered approach (PCA). Method: Narrative and conceptual review. Results: As with Rogers’s original method, the development of MI has been guided by empirical science based on the close observation of clinical practice. It is a behavioral approach in the broad sense of behavioral science. The underlying attitude or spirit with which MI is practiced is unambiguously humanistic in emphasizing partnership, acceptance, compassion, and empowerment. MI focuses on specific observable elements of therapeutic relationship that predict better client outcomes. Various behavioral scientists have distinguished MI from CBT both conceptually and with distinct clinical procedures. The psychological content of MI overlaps substantially with PCA practices such as accurate empathy and also with therapist skills often described as common or nonspecific factors in psychotherapy. Its component processes are engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning. The evoking process of MI distinguishes it from both CBT and nondirective PCA, involving MI-specific technical skills focused on specific client language known as change talk and sustain talk. Conclusions: Like PCA more generally, MI has found broad applications in helping professions well beyond counseling and psychotherapy such as health care, education, pastoral care, conflict resolution, and leadership. Possible historic reasons for confusing MI with CBT are explored.

China has the largest number of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases globally, and T2DM management has become a critical public health issue in China. Individuals with T2DM have an increased risk of developing mental health disorders, psychological disturbances, and functional problems associated with living with their condition. Previous systematic reviews have demonstrated that, generally, psychological interventions are effective in the management of T2DM-related outcomes; however, these reviews have predominantly included studies conducted within English-speaking countries and have not determined the efficacy of the varying types of psychological interventions. As such, this paper aims to synthesize evidence and quantify the efficacy of psychological therapies for the management of glycemic and psychological outcomes of T2DM in China, relative to control conditions. A systematic search (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wangfang Data) for all years to December 2014 identified all available literature. Eligibility criteria included: peer-reviewed journal articles, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of a psychological therapy for the management of T2DM, adult participants (≥18 years) diagnosed with T2DM or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and Chinese speaking participants only (in mainland China). Outcome measures were glycated hemoglobin, blood glucose concentration, depression, anxiety, and quality of life. Effect sizes were pooled using a random effects model. Negative effect sizes corresponded to positive outcomes favoring the intervention. Forty-five RCTs were eligible for the meta-analyses. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing (MI) were more effective than the control condition in the reduction of glycated hemoglobin [CBT: -0.97 (95% CI -1.37 to -0.57); MI: -0.71 (95% CI -1.00 to -0.43)]. CBT and client-centered therapy (CCT) were also associated with reductions in depression and blood glucose concentration, and CBT was associated with reductions in anxiety. Psychological interventions, namely, CBT, MI, and CCT are effective in improving certain T2DM-related outcomes in China. Considerable levels of heterogeneity and unclear risk of bias associated with most included RCTs suggest caution when interpreting results. In China, where the burden of T2DM is increasing significantly, psychological interventions may provide promising approaches to assist in the management of T2DM to delay the progression of T2DM related outcomes.

Incidental treatment effects of CBT on suicidal ideation and hopelessness

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is a highly prevalent condition, characterised by excessive worry or anxiety about everyday events and problems. The effectiveness and effectiveness of psychological therapies as a group has not yet been evaluated in the treatment of GAD. To examine the efficacy and acceptability of psychological therapies, categorised as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy and supportive therapy, compared with treatment as usual/waiting list (TAU/WL) and compared with one another, for patients with GAD. We searched the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety & Neurosis Group (CCDAN) Controlled Trials Register and conducted supplementary searches of MEDLINE, PsycInfo, EMBASE, LILACS and controlledtrials.com in February 2006. We searched reference lists of retrieved articles, and contacted trial authors and experts in the field for information on ongoing/completed trials. Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials conducted in non-inpatient settings, involving adults aged 18-75 years with a primary diagnosis of GAD, assigned to a psychological therapy condition compared with TAU/WL or another psychological therapy. Data on patients, interventions and outcomes were extracted by two review authors independently, and the methodological quality of each study was assessed. The primary outcome was anxiety reduction, based on a dichotomous measure of clinical response, using relative risk (RR), and on a continuous measure of symptom reduction, using the standardised mean difference (SMD), with 95% confidence intervals. Twenty five studies (1305 participants) were included in the review, of which 22 studies (1060 participants) contributed data to meta-analyses. Based on thirteen studies, psychological therapies, all using a CBT approach, were more effective than TAU/WL in achieving clinical response at post-treatment (RR 0.63, 95%CI 0.55 to 0.73), and also in reducing anxiety, worry and depression symptoms. No studies conducted longer-term assessments of CBT against TAU/WL. Six studies compared CBT against supportive therapy (non-directive therapy and attention-placebo conditions). No significant difference in clinical response was indicated between CBT and supportive therapy at post-treatment (RR 0.86, 95%CI 0.70 to 1.06), however significant heterogeneity was indicated, which was partly explained by the number of therapy sessions. Psychological therapy based on CBT principles is effective in reducing anxiety symptoms for short-term treatment of GAD. The body of evidence comparing CBT with other psychological therapies is small and heterogeneous, which precludes drawing conclusions about which psychological therapy is more effective. Further studies examining non-CBT models are required to inform health care policy on the most appropriate forms of psychological therapy in treating GAD.

CBT VERSUS SUPPORTIVE THERAPY FOR DEPRESSION

The psychological factor is one of the least exploited aspects of football. In sports, developing performance capacity is the primary objective of training. Maintaining motivation and achieving performance are the foundations of the educational-instructional process and have great value as outcomes both individually and for the team. Research hypotheses. (H1). It is assumed that the members of the national football team have average/above-average emotional intelligence (test score => 100), significantly different from the rest of the students in grades VII-VIII, because teamwork and the psychological training included in the preparation develop the mental qualities and properties of the students who play football. (H2). It is assumed that there is a significant correlation between emotional intelligence and the performance of students in the experimental group. Research methods. In the present research, the initial testing was carried out among students in grades VII-VIII and the national football team (February 2024 – May 2024). This research was conducted at “Sf. Ilie” General School in Toplița. The research subjects were 68 students, 35 females and 33 males. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used, and the following methods were chosen: observation, emotional intelligence test (Roco, 2001), performance test (ball sense, heading the ball, complex test, shooting at two goals, bilateral game), and statistical analysis (t-test). Results. The level of emotional intelligence of the students is 86 and 81 in the national football team, below average, which raises a red flag. At the level of the national football team, a strong self-awareness among the students is noted. This indicator has the highest score, 500, far ahead of empathy (-180) and very far ahead of social skills (-360). After applying to the middle school team's training program, we see a significant increase in the level of emotional intelligence. The correlation statistical test and the t-test show a correlation of r=0.86 and a significance of p=0.00 between the initial and final test results. The Pearson correlation shows a strong link between emotional intelligence and the bilateral game (r=0.76), but does not show a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and the other performance indicators. To confirm if the value of r is statistically significant, i.e., if the two variables are correlated, the t-value was calculated. Conclusions. This research confirms that the psychological factor cannot be absent from the preparation of school representative teams. It was confirmed that a high level of emotional intelligence improves the performance of football players, especially in team play, increasing group cohesion. Keywords: football, psychological factor, performance, athletes, school team

Clinicians commonly fail to use cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) adequately, but the reasons for such omissions are not well understood. The objective of this study was to create and validate a measure to assess clinicians' attitudes towards CBT - the Negative Attitudes towards CBT Scale (NACS). The participants were 204 clinicians from various mental healthcare fields. Each completed the NACS, measures of anxiety and self-esteem, and a measure of therapists' use of CBT and non-CBT techniques and their confidence in using those techniques. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the factor structure of the NACS, and scale internal consistency was tested. A single, 16-item scale emerged from the factor analysis of the NACS, and that scale had good internal consistency. Clinicians' negative attitudes and their anxiety had different patterns of association with the use of CBT and other therapeutic techniques. The findings suggest that clinicians' attitudes and emotions each need to be considered when understanding why many clinicians fail to deliver the optimum version of evidence-based CBT. They also suggest that training effective CBT clinicians might depend on understanding and targeting such internal states.

Background: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an appropriate therapy to be applied as a mental treatment for patients who have become victims of drug abuse, with a focus not only on cognition but also on patient behaviour. With CBT, individuals will be able to think rationally and prevent relapse. Research Objective: This study aims to gather sufficient data on the application of cognitive behaviour therapy for individuals addicted to drugs. Research Method: This study is a literature review. The authors used the PRISMA extraction form. The search for studies was conducted on databases published after January 1, 2013, and carried out for one week, from April 10th to April 17th, 2023 (excluding Saturdays and Sundays). The search was conducted on the following databases: Science Direct, Springer, and IPI (Portal Garuda) with Scopus Q1 and Q2 index standards and Sinta 4, using keywords. Inclusive and Exclusive Criteria This literature review will highlight the application of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) in Drug Abuse Victims, thus the established criteria are research articles on (1) the application of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) in Drug Abuse Victims, and (2) the outcomes of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) in Drug Abuse Victims. The search was limited to studies published in English and Indonesian, after January 1, 2013 (the past 10 years). Results: Various literature indicates that in their research, there is a significant influence with the implementation of patient treatment methods using cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for drug abuse victims as a step towards recovery and reduction of substance abuse and alcohol addiction. Furthermore, other findings suggest that CBT can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in individuals who are victims of drug abuse.