Abstract
From a psychoanalytic perspective, the concept of resistance is an element of clinical theory based on repeated observations in the therapeutic situation. These clinical observations have influenced the theory and practice of psychoanalysis since Freud’s (Breuer & Freud, 1893/1955) earliest attempts to formulate a therapeutic process. Initially he used hypnosis in an attempt to promote the recall and verbal expression of otherwise inaccessible memories of psychologically traumatic experiences. When hypnosis failed with many of his patients, he subsequently substituted various other forms of suggestion and other actively directive techniques, attempting to overcome the patient’s difficulties in recovering unpleasant memories from the past.
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