Protective Effects of Chitosan and Rosuvastatin on Renal Structure and Lipid Metabolism in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet

Nephrotoxic effects caused by co-exposure to noise and toluene in New Zealand white rabbits: A biochemical and histopathological study

Aim . To determine the nature of the relationship between the nutrient composition of the diet and biochemical indicators of nutritional status in men and women aged 60 – 90 years with nutrition-related diseases, identifying gender-specific features of these correlations. Materials and methods . A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 350 participants aged 60 to 90 years, including elderly individuals (60 – 74 years) and senile individuals (75 – 90 years). The following indicators of nutritional status were assessed: аnthropometry (body weight, height, and body mass index); dietary assessment (analysis of the average daily diet with determination of macro- and micronutrient intake); biochemical analysis (determination of blood glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, urea, and triglyceride levels); statistical analysis (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationships). Correlation strength was interpreted as weak (r = 0.1 – 0.3), moderate (r = 0.3 – 0.5), and strong (r > 0.5). The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results and discussion . In men, body mass index showed a positive correlation with glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Protein, fat, and vitamins A, E, and B1 intake were associated with increased creatinine and urea levels, reflecting active metabolic processes. In women, the correlations between nutrients and biochemical indicators were weaker and multidirectional: glucose levels were negatively correlated with carbohydrate intake and dietary energy value, while urea levels were positively associated with calcium and tocopherol intake. Thus, men demonstrated more pronounced and systemic relationships between nutrient composition and metabolic indicators, indicating gender-specific metabolic regulation features. Conclusions . Elderly men exhibited stronger correlations between nutrient composition and biochemical indicators than women. In women, these correlations were weaker and multidirectional, likely due to physiological and hormonal characteristics of aging. The findings confirm the importance of considering gender differences when assessing nutritional status and developing personalized dietary recommendations for the prevention of nutrition-related diseases.

Diabetes mellitus resulting from hyperglycemia stands as the primary cause of diabetic kidney disease. Emerging evidence suggests that plasma concentrations of soy isoflavones, substances with well-established antidiabetic properties, rise following supplemental inulin administration. The investigation encompassed 36 male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats segregated into two cohorts: non-diabetic and diabetic, induced with type 2 diabetes (high-fat diet + two intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections). Each cohort was further divided into three subgroups (n = 6): control, isoflavone-treated, and isoflavone plus inulin-treated rats. Tail blood glucose and ketone levels were gauged. Upon termination, blood samples were drawn directly from the heart for urea, creatinine, and HbA1c/HbF analyses. One kidney per rat underwent histological (H-E) and immunohistochemical assessments (anti-AQP1, anti-AQP2, anti-AVPR2, anti-SLC22A2, anti-ACC-alpha, anti-SREBP-1). The remaining kidney underwent fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Results unveiled notable alterations in water intake, body and kidney mass, kidney morphology, fatty acids, AQP2, AVPR2, AcetylCoA, SREBP-1, blood urea, creatinine, and glucose levels in control rats with induced type 2 diabetes. Isoflavone supplementation exhibited favorable effects on plasma urea, plasma urea/creatinine ratio, glycemia, water intake, and kidney mass, morphology, and function in type 2 diabetic rats. Additional inulin supplementation frequently modulated the action of soy isoflavones.

Objective To explore the effects and the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of food composition and aerobic exercise on the body weight regulation among sub-adult and adult mice, with a view to the reference of exercise and diet in adolescents and adults.
 Methods There are 72 sub-adult mice and 39 adult mice which were selected by the treadmill exercise pre-screening. They were engaged for a period of time to domesticate in accordance with the different exercise intensity, time and food compositions. During the domestication, the body weight and food intake were measured several times, and the digestibility was calculated. The mice were dissected after domestication, and the fresh weight of adipose tissue and internal organs were measured, which including the weight and length of digestive organs. Serum glucose, triglyceride, urea nitrogen and creatinine were measured by colorimetric method. The contents of creatine kinase(CK) and muscle glycogen(MG) and glucose transporter 4(GLUT-4) in serum were determined by ELISA, and the digestive enzyme activity was detected by colorimetric method.
 Results 1.Sub-adult mice: food composition has no significant effect on many indicators, including body weight, major fat weight, the length, fresh weight and content weight of stomach, the fresh weight of heart, spleen and lung, the level of blood glucose, triglyceride and CK (P>0.05). But the food composition has a significant effect on the following indicators: the food intake, digestibility, the length, fresh weight and content weight of small intestine, cecum and colon, fresh weight of liver and kidney, the level of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, the level of MG and GLUT-4 in muscle, the enzyme activity of intestinal brush border membrane sucrose, maltase and aminopeptidase-N (P<0.05). Aerobic exercise has no significant effect on the following indicators: the length and content weight of stomach, small intestine and colon, the weight and content weight of cecum, fresh weight of heart, spleen, lung and kidney, the level of serum triglyceride, urea nitrogen and CK, the level of GLUT-4 in muscle, the enzyme activity of intesyinal brush border membrane sucrose and aminopeptidase-N (P>0.05). But aerobic exercise has a significant effect on the following indicators: body weight, major fat weight, the food intake, digestibility, the fresh weight of stomach, small intestine and colon, the length of cecum, the fresh weight of liver, the level of blood glucose and creatinine, the level of MG in muscle, and the enzyme activity of intestinal brush border membrane maltase (P<0.05).
 2.Adult exercise mice: food composition has no significant effect on the following indicators: the body weight, major fat weight, the length, fresh weight and content weight of stomach, small intestine and colon, fresh weight of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, the level of blood glucose and triglyceride, and the enzyme activity of anterior intestinal brush border membrane sucrose, maltase and aminopeptidase-N (P>0.05). But the food composition has a significant effect on the following indicators: the food intake, digestibility, the fresh weight and content weight of cecum, the level of glood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and the enzyme activity of middle intestinal brush border membrane sucrose, maltase and aminopeptidase-N (P<0.05). The body weight changes with time significantly, but the magnitude of the change before and after exercise is less than 5%.
 3.Sub-adult exercise mice vs adult exercise mice: with the increase of exercise time, the weight gain of sub-adult exercise mice was decreased significantly (P<0.001), and the weight of adult exercise mice was also decreased significantly (P<0.001). Compared with adult exercise mice, the perirenal fat ratio, mesenteric fat ratio and the gonadal fat ratio in sub-adult exercise mice were lower than that of adult exercise mice(P<0.001), but the lean body weight ratio in sub-adult exercise mice was higher than that of adult exercise mice (P<0.001). The food intakes of sub-adult and adult exercise mice were significantly increased with time (P<0.001), the effects of food composition on the digestibility of sub-adult and adult exercise mice were associated with decreased movement with the increase of protein content in food. The length, fresh weight and content weight of stomach and colon were significantly lower in adult adult mice than in sub-adult mice (P<0.05). The fresh weight of heart, liver and kidney of sub-adult mice was significantly lower than that of adult mice (P<0.05). But fresh weight of the spleen was significantly higher in sub-adult mice than in adult mice (P<0.05). The levels of glucose, triglyceride and creatinine in sub-adult mice were significantly higher than those in adult mice (P<0.05). It was significantly lower in sub-adult mice than in adult mice that the enzyme activity of anterior intestinal brush border membrane sucrose and maltase and posterior intestinal brush border membrane aminopeptidase-N (P<0.05). However, the enzyme activity of middle intestinal brush border membrane sucrose of sub-adult mice was significantly higher than that in adult mice (P<0.05).
 Conclusions 1.It was not affected for body weight and fresh weight of major fat in change of food composition in a certain range, aerobic exercise could control the excessive growth of body weight and weight of major fat of sub-adult exercise mice, but the body weight of adult exercise mice had no significant effects on regulation by food composition.
 2.The food intake of sub-adult and adult exercise mice and the digestibility of sub-adult exercise mice were significantly changed with time. Influence of food composition on digestibility of sub-adult and adult exercise mice with exercise time showed that it decreased with the increase of protein content in food. Food intake of sub-adult and adult exercise mice increased with aerobic exercise in a certain range.
 3.The changes of food intake and digestibility mainly rely on the regulation of the morphology and function of digestive organs. he changes of blood indicators showed that food composition and aerobic exercise had contribution on sub-adult and adult exercise mice to maintain good health, part of which has offset the metabolic changes caused by the high protein foods that was aerobic exercise, and high protein foods produced certain metabolic burden on the liver and kidney, but aerobic exercise can improve the metabolism of liver and kidney.
 4.Aerobic exercise can increase the reserve of MG in muscle of sub-adult mice, the storage and transport of MG in muscle can be improved with the increase of starch content in food. In this study, aerobic exercise intensity did not cause muscle fatigue or injury.
 5.The activity of the enzyme increased with the increase of the content of starch in food, which was not affected by aerobic exercise. Aminopeptidase-N activity was effected by aerobic exercise, which decreased in non-exercise state with dropping down protein content in food, but which did not show the same trend in the exercise state. It might be more regulated by the increase in protein demand under the exercise state.

The effects of deltamethrin on some serum biochemical parameters in mice

Study aimed to know effect of aqueous extract of radish seeds and its role in reducing and maintaining levels of glucose, insulin hormone, and effect on kidney functions represented by levels of creatinine and urea in blood, as well as its role in alleviating tissue changes in kidneys. Twenty-four rats were used and divided into three equal groups: first (non-diabetic), second group, control group, in which experimental diabetes was induced with streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg, and third group, diabetic, treated with aqueous extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg for two periods (three and six weeks). After that, blood samples were collected to measure levels of glucose, insulin hormone, urea and creatinine. Tissue changes in kidneys were also examined. Results showed a significant difference in glucose levels for diabetic control group after injection with STZ and a significant decrease in aqueous radish group after six weeks compared to period after STZ injection. Results also indicate a significant decrease in concentration of Insulin hormone after induction compared to healthy control group. After six weeks of treatment with extract, an increase in level of insulin hormone was observed compared to period after injection. Results also indicate an increase in level of urea and creatine in blood serum after inducing diabetes. After a period of treatment with this extract, a decrease in level of urea and creatine was observed compared to period after injection.

To explore whether there are differences in the levels of protein, glucose and blood lipids in umbilical vein and umbilical artery blood of newborns with different delivery modes, and to evaluate their value as indicators of fetal intrauterine nutrition and nutritional support. A total of 89 pairs of mothers and infants who were delivered in Danyang People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province from June to September 2021 were selected as the study subjects, including 38 cases of spontaneous delivery and 51 cases of cesarean section. The basic information of pregnant women, pregnancy information, newborn delivery and physical examination information were extracted from the medical record information system of the hospital. According to the mode of delivery, HITACHI 7600 automatic biochemical analyzer was used to measure the levels of protein, glucose and blood lipids in umbilical vein and umbilical artery blood, including total protein(TP), albumin(ALB), glucose(GLU), total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C). The data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 statistical software. The levels of TP, ALB, GLU, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in the umbilical vein blood of the spontaneous delivery group were(56.40±5.83)g/L, (38.41±3.43)g/L, (4.55±1.53)mmol/L, (1.68±0.42)mmol/L, (0.25±0.11)mmol/L, (0.84±0.17)mmol/L and(0.69±0.23)mmol/L, respectively. The levels of TP, ALB, GLU, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in umbilical artery blood were(56.49±9.91)g/L, (37.72±4.77)g/L, (4.07±1.52)mmol/L, (1.60±0.42)mmol/L, (0.24±0.10)mmol/L, (0.80±0.18)mmol/L and(0.68±0.24)mmol/L, respectively. The levels of TP, ALB, GLU, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in umbilical vein blood of cesarean section group were(52.08±4.12)g/L, (36.12±2.13)g/L, (3.45±1.16)mmol/L, (1.61±0.39)mmol/L, (0.19±0.08)mmol/L, (0.82±0.18)mmol/L and(0.61±0.20)mmol/L, respectively. The levels of TP, ALB, GLU, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in umbilical artery blood were(51.49±7.59)g/L, (35.40±3.60)g/L, (3.09±1.15)mmol/L, (1.48±0.40)mmol/L, (0.19±0.08)mmol/L, (0.78±0.18)mmol/L and(0.60±0.20)mmol/L, respectively. The levels of TP, ALB, Glu and TG in cord vein blood and cord artery blood in spontaneous labor group were significantly higher than those in cesarean section group(P<0.05); The levels of Glu, TC, TG and HDL-C in cord vein blood were significantly higher in spontaneous labor group and cesarean section group than those in cord artery blood(P<0.05). The levels of protein, glucose and blood lipids in umbilical vein and umbilical artery blood were different among different delivery modes.

Background and aim: Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develop many metabolic changes in blood that often necessitate frequent biochemical analysis. Serum analysis is an invasive and painful procedure. It would be highly beneficial if a noninvasive alternative process to serum analysis in children were identified. Saliva can be collected noninvasively, repeatedly, and without the use of healthcare personnel. The aims of this study were to compare serum and salivary urea and creatinine levels in children with CKD and healthy controls, and to determine if salivary creatinine and urea levels can be used to diagnose CKD in children as accurately as serum creatinine and urea levels.Materials and methods: This case–control study included 35 children with CKD and 28 healthy children as controls. Saliva and blood samples were collected for measurement of urea and creatinine levels. The urea and creatinine levels in serum and saliva in the CKD and control groups were compared using the independent samples Mann–Whitney U test. Correlations between the serum and salivary urea and creatinine levels were determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to assess the diagnostic performance of salivary creatinine and cutoff values were identified.Results: In the CKD group, the mean salivary creatinine level was 0.45 mg/dL and the mean salivary urea level was 0.11 mg/dL, versus 28.83 mg/dL and 21.78 mg/dL, respectively, in the control group. Stage 4 and 5 CKD patients had a mean salivary urea level of 31.35 mg/dL, as compared to 17.78 mg/dL in the control group. Serum urea and creatinine, and salivary creatinine were significantly higher in the CKD patients (regardless of disease stage) than in the controls (p < .05). The salivary urea level was significantly higher in the stage 4 and 5 CKD patients than in the controls (p < .05). There was a positive correlation between serum and salivary creatinine. The area under the curve for salivary creatinine was 0.805. The cutoff value for salivary creatinine was 0.125 mg/dL, with a sensitivity of 82.9% and specificity of 78.6%.Conclusions: Based on the positive correlation between the serum and saliva creatinine levels observed in the present study, we think saliva analysis could be used as a noninvasive alternative to blood analysis for diagnosing CKD in children.

There are five (5) types of mature White blood cells (WBC) or Leucocytes found in the peripheral blood viz, Neutrophils (NEU), Eosinophils (EOS) and Basophils (BAS) (granulocytes); Monocytes (MON) and Lymphocytes (LYM) (agranulocytes). Urea is an organic chemical compound, and is essentially the waste produced by the body after metabolizing protein. Urea levels can be used to detect diseases and disorders that affect the kidneys. A common disease related to irregular management of glucose is diabetes. Lectins are proteins that recognize specifically and bind reversibly the carbohydrate-containing molecules of foreign cells and that elicit diverse physiological responses in various organisms. A total of 120 samples of Nigeria Achatina achatina snail specie were collected, authenticated at the Zoology Department of University of Nigeria, Nsukka and 80mls of pooled crude Lectin extract was obtained. Purifications were performed on 20mls of the crude extract in three steps viz, Ammonium sulphate precipitation and Dialysis (Partial purifications), Con A Sepharose 4B affinity Chromatography column (Complete purification). The affinity purified Lectin was used for all the tests conducted in this research. The crude, partially and complete/affinity purified Lectin extracts were subjected to Haemagglutination tests. The Lectin was further assessed to determine its effects on Leucocytes, Urea and Glucose as follows: A total of Thirty-five (35) male Albino Wistar Rats weighing 101-180g and aged 2-3 months obtained from the Animal house of University of Nigeria, Nsukka, were used in this research. The animals were Grouped into 5 (A-E) and allowed for 2 weeks acclimatization. Graded doses of 0.04ml, 0.05ml and 0.06ml of the Affinity purified Lectin were injected intra-peritoneally into each of the Rats in Groups A-D (test groups) according to their body weights at intervals of 2 days for 1 week. Group E served as the control. Two (2) mls of blood was collected from each of the Rats before and 24 hours after the last day of Lectin Doses injections for the following tests: WBC-Total and Differential counts (using Sysmex Corporation, 1999 automated equipment), Urea and Glucose estimations (performed by means of Urease-Berthelot and GOD-PAP Randox Monza automated analyser methods respectively). The results of the research showed as follows: On complete/affinity purification, 15mls of pure sample containing only the high molecular weight Lectin was obtained. The haemagglutination tests conducted showed on standardization preferential agglutination with Blood group A type. Bar Charts statistics show that there was Post Lectin Doses injections mean increase in Total WBC, NEU, LYM and decrease in MON, EOS, BAS, Urea and Glucose levels. However, the differences in Pre and Post Lectin Doses injections mean values of these parameters were further subjected to One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test statistics to determine if statistically significant. The ANOVA statistics show that the effects of the Lectin on all the assessed Leucocytes parameters viz, Total WBC, and Differential LYM, NEU, MON, EOS, BAS, the Urea and Glucose levels were found to be statistically insignificant. However, the EOS values of only group A was statistically significant. This research has therefore succeeded in Assessment of Activities of the A. achatina snail Lectin on Leucocytes, Glucose and Urea levels.

To investigate the effects of trauma type and survival on biochemical parameters including blood urea, creatinine, and glucose levels on patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The medical records of 102 patients with TBIs who were admitted to the emergency department and/ or hospitalized in the neurosurgery department between 2016 and 2019 were examined retrospectively. Types of trauma included: 19 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage, 25 cases of subdural hemorrhage, 9 cases of epidural hemorrhage, 28 cases of intracerebral hemorrhage, 4 cases of multiple hemorrhage, and 12 cases with other hemorrhages. We examined the effects of trauma type and survival on a total of 17 blood test parameters, but only three (blood urea, creatinine, and glucose) showed significance for the overall model, meaning that either trauma type or survival or an interaction between the two had significant effects on these three blood parameters. Our findings imply that the risk of fatality due to TBI might be deduced from observation of the patient?s blood urea and glucose levels as these two parameters differed significantly in fatal versus surviving cases. Blood urea and creatinine levels were different for different trauma types and may be useful in distinguishing the type of injury.

Objective To investigate the changes of the serum visfatin,glucose and triglyceride levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).To explore the disorder of the glucose and triglyceride metabolism in patients with OSAHS.Methods Forty-five males with OSAHS were included randomly in the study,all patients with OSAHS were divided into two groups:mild OSAHS patients,moderate and severe OSAHS patients,of which 20 patients with mild OSAHS,25 patients with moderate and severe OSAHS.There were 20 healthy control subjects.The Serum visfatin,glucose and triglyceride concentrations were measured by ELISA.Results Serum visfatin was higher in patients with mild OSAHS,moderate and severe OSAHS than control subjects (F =38.59,P ＜0.01).Serum triglyceride was higher in patients with mild OSAHS than those in control subjects (t =2.97,P ＜0.01),serum glucose has not statistical significances (t =1.58,P ＞ 0.05).Serum glucose and triglyceride were higher in patients with moderate and severe OSAHS than those with mild OSAHS (t =3.12,2.93,all P ＜0.01).The serum visfatin levels were correlated positively with AHI in patients with OSAHS (r =0.83,P ＜0.01),were correlated positively with serum triglyceride (r =0.589,P ＜0.01),were correlated positively with serum glucose (r =0.512,P ＜0.01),were correlated positively with SaO2＜90％ (r =0.615,P ＜0.01),were correlated positively with percentage of sleep time the total duration of apnea/hypopnea (r =0.715,P ＜ 0.01),were correlated positively with longest duration of apnea/hypopnea (r =0.316,P ＜0.05),were correlated negatively with the lowest SaO2 (r =-0.642,P ＜0.01),were correlated negatively with the average lowest SaO2 (r =-0.710,P ＜0.01).Conclusions These results suggest that the serum visfatin,glucose and triglyceride levels were abnormality in patients with OSAHS,and were correlated positively with the severity,that shows the disorder of the glucose and glycolipid metabolism in patients with OSAHS. Key words: Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome; Visfatin; Glucose; Triglyceride

Objective: To assess the effect of oral treatment of methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Astragalus adscendens in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: In order to induce diabetes, rats intraperitoneally received streptozotocin at 65 mg/kg. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were allocated into six groups (10 rats per each) including the healthy control group, the diabetic group as well as the diabetic group treated with Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day or glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg/day) for 28 d. The effects of Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract on the levels of glucose, insulin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total protein, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, α-amylase, oxidant/antioxidant enzymes, and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Real time-PCR was also used for measuring the gene expression of caspase-3, Bcl2, and Bax. Results: The levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine, urea, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and malondialdehyde considerably declined (P&lt;0.001) in diabetic rats after treatment with Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract especially at a dose of 200 mg/kg. In addition, treatment with Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract noticeably increased the level of insulin, total protein, and albumin as well as improved the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, as well as the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, caspase-3, Bcl2 and Bax (P&lt;0.001) compared to the diabetic control group. The extract also inhibited α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 19.6 µg/mL. Conclusions: Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract shows potent antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant effects in diabetic rats. However, more studies are needed to verify the underlying mechanism of the effect of this plant extract and test its efficacy in clinical trials.

We aimed in our current study to explore the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba (GB) and magnetized water (MW) against nephrotoxicity associating induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rat. Here, we induced diabetes by feeding our lab rats on a high fat-containing diet (4 weeks) and after that injecting them with streptozotocin (STZ). We randomly divided forty rats into four different groups: nontreated control (Ctrl), nontreated diabetic (Diabetic), Diabetic+GB (4-week treatment), and Diabetic+MW (4-week treatment). After the experiment was finished, serum and kidney tissue samples were gathered. Blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, and urea were markedly elevated in the diabetic group than in the control group. In all animals treated with GB and MW, the levels of urea, creatinine, and glucose were significantly reduced (all P < 0.01). GB and MW attenuated glomerular and tubular injury as well as the histological score. Furthermore, they normalized the contents of glutathione reductase and SOD2. In summary, our data showed that GB and MW treatment protected type 2 diabetic rat kidneys from nephrotoxic damages by reducing the hyperlipidemia, uremia, oxidative stress, and renal dysfunction.

The aim of this study was to evaluate some serum biochemical indices in patients with gestational diabetes. Among the study's participants were 100 expectant mothers ranging in age from 24 to 35 who had been diagnosed with diabetes at a maternity hospital or pregnancy center in Baghdad city. According to their previous menstrual cycle or an ultrasound, these ladies were between 28 and 33 weeks pregnant. There were two categories of pregnant women: Twenty pregnant women in good health comprised (control group). Eighty GDM-pregnant women were enrolled. The current results showed a significant increase in levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, ALT, bilirubin, uric acid, and creatinine in the GDM group as compared with control patients, also a significant decrease in the levels of Albumin, HDL in GDM group as compared with control group. There were no significant differences in the levels of urea and AST in both GDM and control groups. In conclusion, there was a significant increase in levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, ALT, bilirubin, uric acid, and creatinine in the GDM group.

Background: The industrial hub of Punjab, Ludhiana is polluted with heavy metals. The dairy animals experience stress due to pollution of heavy metals as well as the hot summer season. The stressors lead to disturbance in metabolic profile and affect milk production. The present study aimed at evaluation of detrimental effect of environmental heavy metal pollution on the metabolic profile of buffaloes during summer and winter seasons in Ludhiana district of Punjab, India. A total of 100 buffaloes were randomly selected from heavy metal exposed (n=60) and control area (n=40) during summer and winter seasons. Methods: The location of the experimental area surveyed on the basis of levels of heavy metals. The dairy farms are located in and around Ludhiana, Punjab were identified with levels of heavy metal above the permissible limits (FSSAI, 2010) viz. Chromium-0.05 µg /ml; Nickel-0.02 µg /ml; Arsenic-0.05 µg /ml and Lead -0.05µg /ml. The plasma samples were analyzed for metabolic profile. The water levels of heavy metals were below the permissible limits; therefore, it was taken as uncontaminated or control area. Result: Buffaloes of heavy metal exposed areas exhibited significantly (P less than 0.05) higher levels of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and CK levels as compared to control area. A significant (P less than 0.05) decrease was observed in plasma total protein, albumin, A:G ratio, BUN: creatinine ratio in the buffaloes of exposed area as compared to the control area. However, significantly (P less than 0.05) higher levels of plasma glucose, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and CK levels were observed during summer as compared to winter season in both exposed and control areas. Significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased levels of plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin and BUN: Creatinine ratio were observed in the buffaloes during summer as compared to winter in both exposed and control areas. The Cr, Ni, As and Pb levels showed highly significant (P less than 0.01) positive correlation with plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, creatinine, ALT, AST, CK and GGT. Highly significant positive relationship (P less than 0.01) was observed among plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, creatinine, BUN, ALT, AST, ALP, CK and GGT whereas, plasma BUN had highly significant (P less than 0.01) negative correlation with plasma total protein and A:G ratio considering both the areas together. Plasma levels of total protein showed significant (P less than 0.01) negative correlation with all other metabolic profile constituents of both control and heavy metal exposed areas. Thus it may be concluded that the metabolic disturbance in heavy metal exposed buffaloes may have been mediated by heavy metal pollution.