Abstract
The tribal communities of North Eastern India rely on herbal medicine to cure various disease conditions. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae) is one of such medicinal plants used for curing liver ailments, insomnia, anemia, diarrhea, diabetic complications, cancer, and loss of appetite. The present study was aimed to describe the protective ability of Z. jujuba root bark (ZJRB) against hepatic injury and chronic inflammation. Bioactivity guided fractionation of Z. jujuba methanol extract (ZJME) was performed using different solvents of increasing polarity viz. hexane (ZJHF), chloroform (ZJCF), ethyl acetate (ZJEAF), water (ZJWF), and residue (ZJMR). In vitro antioxidant results revealed that both ZJME and ZJWF possess strong antioxidant activity among all the fractions and mother extract tested. Further, ZJME and ZJWF showed significant protection against CCl4 intoxicated HepG2 cell lines by means of increased cell viability and decreased LDH levels compared to control group. ZJME at 200, 400 mg/kg and ZJWF at 50, 100 mg/kg inhibited the lipid peroxidation and significantly restored the liver function markers (AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, SOD, and CAT) and cytokine levels (TNF-α, Il-1β, and Il-10) in CCl4 induced acute liver damage in rats. All the results were comparable with standard drug silymarin which was further confirmed by histopathology analysis of liver. Similarly, inflammation and increase inflammatory cytokines levels of carrageenan induced paw edema in rats have been refurbished to normal levels on par with the standard drug indomethacin. ZJWF demonstrated potent response than ZJME in all the biological tests conducted. The results of the study signify the ability of ZJRB as good therapeutic agent for liver toxicity and chronic inflammation.
Highlights
During the metabolism process, numerous number of reacting oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide anions, hydroxy radicals and hydrogen peroxide generates inside the body
DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl is a free radical; the ability of test substance to neutralize the DPPH radical is considered as Reducing Power Assay The ability of a test substance that reduce the Fe3+ to Fe2+ is considered as reducing power ability which is directly related to its antioxidant capacity
Z. jujuba methanol extract (ZJME) and Z. jujuba water fraction (ZJWF) showed strong antioxidant activity and the later one is potent among all the fractions and extract which is comparable with standard BHT (Figure 3)
Summary
Numerous number of reacting oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide anions, hydroxy radicals and hydrogen peroxide generates inside the body This ROS covalently binds to the different cell organelles and involves in causing diseases like cancer, inflammation, arthritis, aging, and cardiac problems (Chen et al, 2011). Z. jujuba was reported for anti-cancer (Huang et al, 2007), anxiolytic (Peng et al, 2000), anti-complementary (Lee et al, 2004), and hypoglycemic (Iganacimuthu and Amalraj, 1998) activities Different parts of this plant have been using by tribal communities of North East India for the treatment of different disease conditions. Since there is no scientific validation of this folklore claim, the present study was aimed to scientifically validate the bioactive guided fractions of Z. jujuba root bark (ZJRB) against liver toxicity and chronic inflammation using in vitro and in vivo methods
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