Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ), the influence of which is considered the pathomechanism of Alzheimer’s disease, is also present in healthy people. The microbiome’s impact is also taken into account, where bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates inflammatory processes and stimulates microglia via TLRs. Molecules of bacterial origin can co-create senile plaques with Aβ. This study evaluated the activity of physiological Aβ concentrations on neuronal and microglial cells after preincubation with LPS. Two cell lines were used in the study: PC12 cells differentiated with NGF and THP-1 cells differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Cells were incubated with LPS at concentrations of 1–100 μM for 24 h and then with Aβ25–35 at a concentration of 0.001 μM or 1.0 μM for another 24 h. The viability of the culture and free oxygen radicals and the number of DNA strand breaks in both cell lines were evaluated. Additionally, for PC12 cells, neural features were assessed. Stimulation of repair processes in the presence of Aβ was observed for both studied cell lines. There was a decrease in free radical level and DNA damage number compared to control cultures (cells treated with LPS and without Aβ). The neurotrophic activity of Aβ was observed—the effect on neurites’ growth even after the preincubation of PC12 cells with LPS. At the lowest concentration of LPS used, the increase in neurite length was about 50% greater than in the negative control. At low concentrations, Aβ has a protective effect on neuron-like PC12 cells pretreated with LPS.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is classified as a neurodegenerative disorder
The tests used differentiation media supplemented with L-glutamine and gentamicin, but the serum was reduced to 1% donor horse serum (DHS) for PC12 cells and 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for THP-1 cells
A growing body of evidence suggests that amyloid-β—considered for a long time to be a hallmark for pathology with no physiological function—may have antimicrobial properties as a part of the innate immune system
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is classified as a neurodegenerative disorder. This disease includes pathological loss of nerve cells and a reduction in the number of synaptic connections along with the loss of their plasticity. The progress of science and technology influenced the development of medicine, the life span of people has significantly increased, and the risk of developing. There are still no effective drugs—the currently used drugs can only slow down the disease’s progression and do not reverse the changes that have already taken place. It is a socially burdensome problem, and for family members
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