Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most prevalent type of cancer in men worldwide. In Saudi Arabia, the rate of PC is increasing annually. The sex steroid hormones androgens and their receptors have critical roles in PC development and progression. Additionally, apoptosis-related proteins such as heat-shock proteins are vital molecules in PC development. Steroid hormone-deprivation therapies remain the essential treatment for patients with metastatic PCs; however, acquired resistance to hormone deprivation and the transition to PC androgen independence is a major health obstacle. In this review, we aim to detail the roles of androgens, androgen receptors and sex steroid hormones in inducing apoptosis in PC.
Highlights
Prostate cancer (PC) is becoming the highest rate of cancer of all types in men in the United States (US), even though PC molecular biology is well understood
The results indicated better tolerance of anti-androgen drugs compared with castration; they proved to be inferior therapies with regard to overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) [31, 32]
In this review, we provide an overview of PC and discuss the main role of the androgen receptor (AR) in its initiation and progression
Summary
Prostate cancer (PC) is becoming the highest rate of cancer of all types in men in the United States (US), even though PC molecular biology is well understood. In a 2015 study, nearly 220,800 new cases of PC were reported there with 27,540 deaths [1]. In Saudi Arabia, PC has been ranked as the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer among Saudi men with 324 newly diagnosed cases in 2014 [2]. In clinical research and for healthcare systems worldwide, these figures present a major challenge. Androgens have critical roles in PC development and progression in men as PC cells are androgen receptor (AR)-dependent for development. The majority of PCs cases are hormone dependent; anti-hormone therapies have had a profound impact in reducing the burden of this disease worldwide
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