Prospecting the levels of some macroelements (sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium) and possible goitrogenic effects of calcium and magnesium on iodine in herbal snuff in Sokoto State, Nigeria

Up to one-third of patients with intra-ocular silicone oil (SO) tamponade for complex macula-on retinal detachment may experience an unexplained visual loss during or after SO tamponade. Although the underlying mechanism is unknown, previous studies suggested that accumulation of retinal potassium could be involved. Hence, this study tested the hypothesis that intra-ocular potassium levels are elevated during SO tamponade. A prospective cohort study was carried out from 13 October 2013 through 5 March 2015. Potassium, sodium, magnesium, chloride, calcium, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose levels were measured in retro-oil fluid and paired serum from 16 patients undergoing oil removal, including two patients with SO-related visual loss (SORVL). Vitreous humour and paired serum from 27 patients with macular hole (n=19) or floaters (n=8) served as controls. Median potassium levels in retro-oil fluid and vitreous humour were similar. Magnesium and chloride levels were lower in retro-oil fluid compared with vitreous humour (p<0.01) and LDH levels were elevated in retro-oil fluid (p<0.0001). One of the two patients with SORVL revealed abnormal high potassium and magnesium levels. The other patient had normal levels. Potassium levels are not increased in retro-oil fluid during SO tamponade, making the 'potassium accumulation' hypothesis unlikely. The disturbance in magnesium concentration during SO tamponade warrants further investigation.

SAT-LB309 Amphotericin B Induced Hypocalcemia in a Patient With Severe Hypercalcemia Due to Acute T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

Objective: To determine the effect of magnesium, calcium, and potassium levels on calf muscle cramps in third-trimester pregnant women at Dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh.&#x0D; Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with a case-control method by taking samples using a total sampling technique. The research sample was third-trimester pregnant women (28-40 weeks of gestation) who were treated in the maternity ward for the period September to December 2020.&#x0D; Results: A total of 263 samples were involved in this study where 105 patients (40%) were obese, 229 patients (87%) were housewives, 161 patients (61%) did not experience muscle cramps and samples had magnesium levels below normal as much as 82 people, calcium levels below normal as many as 127 people and potassium levels below normal as many as 2 people. The mean levels of magnesium, calcium, and potassium were 1.8 mg/dL, 8.69 mg/dL, and 4.25 mmol/L, respectively. The results of this study are magnesium levels affect muscle cramps in pregnant women (p-value=0.000), while calcium levels (p-value=0.373) and potassium (p-value=0.062) do not affect muscle cramps in pregnant women.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is a significant effect between magnesium levels on the incidence of calf muscle cramps in third-trimester pregnant women, while calcium and potassium levels do not affect them.&#x0D; Keywords: Muscle Cramps, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium.

The results are given of chemical analyses of leaves collected over a period of two years from cocoa trees in a field trial receiving fertilizer, shade, and irrigation treatments. The greatest variation in concentration of nutrients in the leaves was due to the time of year the leaves were collected. The lowest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were found in the leaves collected during the peak of the main season harvest. The highest levels of these elements were found in leaves collected near the end or a few weeks after the end of the main harvest. The levels of calcium in the leaves were just opposite, with the highest levels coinciding with harvest and the lowest levels occurring just after the harvest period. The levels of magnesium showed no marked variations between seasons. Shade increased the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and decreased the levels of calcium in the leaves. Fertilizer increased the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium, and decreased the level of potassium in the leaves. The effect of irrigation was small, but it decreased the levels of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the leaves. The levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the leaves over the 21 harvesting times were found to be positively correlated with each other, and all three were negatively correlated with the levels of calcium in the leaves over the same period. None of the levels of these four elements was significantly correlated with the levels of magnesium in the leaves over the period.

Objectives: Febrile seizure is the most common type of seizure (2–4%) in children. Imbalance in electrolytes, especially hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia predispose to all seizures, including febrile seizures. The objective of this study was to compare the serum electrolytes, especially magnesium levels in febrile children presenting with and without episodes of simple febrile seizure. Materials and Methods: An institution-based age- and sex-matched case-control study done between May and October of 2022, involved 60 children aged 6 months to 5 years, divided into 30 cases (febrile children with seizure) and 30 controls (febrile children without seizure). Detailed history including past, birth, and family history was obtained, and serum magnesium, sodium, potassium, and calcium level estimations were done for each participant. Results: The mean serum magnesium of the febrile seizure group was 1.6 ± 0.8 mg/dL, while that for the control group was 2.2 ± 0.3 mg/dL. Similarly, the mean serum calcium levels of the study participants recruited to the febrile seizure group was 8.4 ± 1.1 mg/dL, while that for the participants recruited to the control group was 9.4 ± 0.5 mg/dL. On analysis, it was seen that the serum magnesium and calcium levels were significantly lower among cases than controls (P &lt; 0.001). However, participants did not differ significantly between the two groups with respect to serum sodium and potassium levels. Conclusion: Mean serum magnesium and calcium levels of children suffering from simple febrile seizures were significantly lower than that of the control children, therefore maintaining optimum serum magnesium and calcium levels should be prioritized in febrile children to prevent the development of simple febrile children among them febrile seizure.

Background: Preeclampsia is a clinical condition in which the patient is suffering from hypertension and proteinuria, which may be associated with pathological edema. There are multiple systems involved in pre-eclampsia which is the main culprit to complicate the pregnancy. In developing nations, approximately 4–18% of pregnancies are complicated by preeclampsia which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. It does not affect pregnant females only, but may be life-threatening for growing fetuses too. If we consider the mortality in all pregnant females, about 10–15% of maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Aims and Objectives: The main objective of this study is to compare the serum calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium level in preeclampsia patients and normal pregnant women. Materials and Methods: After taking written consent from the patients, randomly 50 pregnant females diagnosed by a gynecologist as suffering from preeclampsia were selected and for the control group 50 pregnant females who came for routine checkups were selected. 5 ml of blood was collected in the clot activator tube. The samples were analyzed for serum calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium on a fully automated biochemistry analyzer ”Erba XL 640” in HiTech, clinical biochemistry laboratory, B.J medical college, Ahmedabad. Results: The result showed a decreased level of serum calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in the study group compared to the control group. The S. calcium level was (7.624 ± 0.84) and (8.52 ± 0.80) mg/dl in the study and control groups respectively. The S. magnesium level in the study and control were (1.47 ± 0.25) and (1.79 ± 0.18) mg/dl, respectively. S. sodium levels were (131.46 ± 6.96) and (139.92±7.86) mEq/L in the study and control groups, respectively. And the level of S. potassium in the study and control groups was (3.39 ± 0.52) and (3.67 ± 0.38) mEq/L, respectively. All the parameter values are significantly lower in a study group in comparison to control group patients (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: From our study, we have concluded that the serum level of some parameters such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium was significantly decreased in patients suffering from preeclampsia. We can also conclude that these parameters can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of preeclampsia.

The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium in tissues of the hip joint and to look for any correlations between these minerals. The study was performed using hip joint samples taken from people living in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region in Poland. Ninety one subjects, 66 women and 25 men, were included in this study. The samples were obtained intra-operatively during hip joint replacement procedures. The concentrations of magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Our results showed that these minerals are most abundant in the cancellous bone of the hip joint. They were found next more abundantly in the cortical bone and the cancellous bone from the intertrochanteric area. Levels of magnesium, potassium and calcium were lower in articular cartilage compared with other parts of the hip joint; however, sodium levels were at their highest in this tissue. The lowest levels of these minerals were found in the articular capsule. Those patients with fractures of the femoral neck had lower levels of magnesium, potassium, and calcium, but higher levels of sodium compared with the group with degenerative changes. We can also confirm that in the population studied, calcium levels in cancellous bone of the head of the femur decreased with age.

Background: Thalassemia is a genetic disease that is autosomal in nature. The condition is marked by an impaired capacity for the synthesis of polypeptides. The presence of chains of normal hemoglobin has been observed to result in the development of anemia. This phenomenon persists as a significant health concern. The Mediterranean region is characterized by a distinct culinary tradition, with a variety of dishes influenced by the region's geographical and historical context. Aim of Study: This study was designed to evaluate the activity of sodium potassium ATPase in the red blood cell membrane of thalassemia patients as well as some metal ions (sodium, potassium, magnesium, total iron) as a result of the effect of deferoxamine treatment. Methods: A total of 130 individuals were involved in this case-control study:70Patients with beta thalassemia aged (1±25years ), 60 healthy controls aged (2±25yaers). The initial group was carefully selected based on the patients' clinical symptoms. Evaluation of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and iron levels was completed by spectrophotometry. Enzyme activity was expressed as micrograms of phosphate concentration per gram of total protein concentration in red blood cells. Results: The average enzyme activity was significantly (P&lt;0.001) higher in beta thalassemia patients (1000 ±248) µg Pi/mg protein. min compared to healthy individuals (481±160) µg Pi/mg protein. min. Also, sodium levels were significantly(P&lt;0.001) higher in thalassemia patients compared to the control group. We also noticed that iron levels were higher compared to the control group, while noting that there was no significant(P&lt;0.05) change in magnesium and potassium levels in patients compared to healthy individuals. Conclusions: Elevated sodium potassium phosphate (ATPase) levels result from changes in the cell membrane and the breakdown of red blood cells, which increases sodium permeability and increases the activity of this enzyme. Elevated sodium levels are often caused by kidney disorders due to iron overload, a condition caused by repeated blood transfusions. The body lacks an effective mechanism for disposing of excess iron, leading to its accumulation in the blood and organs (iron overload). In thalassemia, the body also increases iron absorption from the intestine due to false signals from hemoglobin deficiency, which exacerbates the condition. It was also noted that there was no change in potassium and magnesium levels in thalassemia patients, due to the fact that these elements are not affected by increased iron levels except in very advanced cases of organ failure

Objective: The relationship between serum zinc, magnesium, and calcium levels and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is controversial. The aim of our study was to determine whether or not serum zinc, magnesium, and calcium levels are associated with PIH. Methods: In our study, we searched databases, including Wangfang, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and PubMed, to find literature regarding the relationship between PIH and serum trace elements. Meta-analysis was performed using the Review Manager5.3 software. Results: A total of 14 articles were included in our study. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that patients with PIH had lower serum zinc (SMD = −1.14; 95% CI] = −1.69, −0.59; P < 0.05), calcium (MD = −0.26; 95% CI = −0.36, −0.15; P < 0.05), and magnesium concentration (MD = −0.0.06; 95% CI = −0.08, −0.05; P < 0.05) than healthy gravidas. Conclusion: Our research suggests that serum zinc, calcium, and magnesium concentrations may have an effect on PIH. Thus, the serum zinc, calcium, and magnesium levels could be measured for PIH patients.

We evaluated the relationship between child (aged 6-36months) height and blood zinc, copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations. We selected 840 children following a physical examination. Weight and supine length or standing height were measured according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Polarographic analysis was used to measure zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, and calcium levels. Differences in heights between groups with low vs. high mineral concentrations, stratified by sex and age, were compared by analysis of variance. Relationships between these five elements and heights were tested by multiple regression analysis. Zinc levels in the shorter group (height for age (HAZ)≤-0.3) were 135.84±39.76 and 134.83±37.57μmol/L in boys and girls, respectively. Zinc concentrations in the taller group (HAZ>-0.3) were 142.50±35.85 and 140.52±35.80μmol/L in boys and girls, respectively. The difference between the two height groups in boys and girls was statistically significant. Compared with those (143.06±33.76μmol/L) in the taller group, zinc concentration (131.30±40.75μmol/L) in the shorter group was significantly lower (p=0.04) at age 6-12months. Height was positively correlated with zinc level in children aged 6-12months (p<0.05). Zinc levels were positively correlated with calcium, magnesium, and iron concentrations in children aged 6-36months (p<0.05). Our results indicated that zinc levels and height are correlated, and zinc levels were related to calcium, magnesium, copper, and iron concentrations. Therefore, to ensure healthy development in children, blood levels of these five elements should be balanced.

Electrolytes are essential for mineral and bone metabolism. However, their associations with fracture risk among older adults have not been extensively studied. This work aimed to examine the associations of serum sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus levels with the risk of fracture. A prospective cohort study of a US community comprised 5499 older adults from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study who completed visit 5 in 2011 to 2013. The analysis was replicated in 11 708 middle-aged adults who completed visit 2 in 1990 to 1992. Exposure included serum levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus. The main outcome measure included hospitalization with fracture ascertained through diagnostic codes on hospital discharge records. In the visit 5 cohort (mean age, 75.4 years), multivariable Cox models with restricted cubic spline terms showed significant associations of lower sodium, magnesium, and calcium levels, and higher phosphorus levels with an increased risk of fracture. In clinical categories, this association remained significant for hyponatremia (≤135 vs 135-145 mEq/L) but not for hyperphosphatemia (≥4.5 vs 2.5-4.5 mg/dL) (HRs, 1.85 [95% CI, 1.22-2.81] and 2.18 [95% CI, 0.99-4.78], respectively). In the visit 2 cohort (mean age, 56.9 years), a significant association was observed for higher phosphorus levels, but not for other electrolytes, although findings were overall consistent. In this community-based cohort, lower sodium, magnesium, and calcium levels, as well as higher phosphorus levels, were associated with greater fracture risk. These findings support the etiological link of serum electrolyte levels with the risk of fracture.

Background: Preeclampsia, a systemic illness of late pregnancy seen in approximately 6% of prim-igravid women, is an important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity. The levels of calcium and magnesium in pregnancy may implicate in the possible role in pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). This study as-sessed serum Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ levels in women with PIH. Materials and Methods: We evaluated se-rum potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium levels in 100 normal pregnant women and 100 women with pre-eclampsia. Result: We found elevated serum potassium levels and reduced calcium, sodium and magnesium levels in pregnant mothers with preeclampsia. Conclusion: Lowered plasma or serum magnesi-um concentrations in pre-eclampsia may contribute to the development in hypertension in pregnancy. In addition, a disturbed Calcium homeostasis is observed in pre-eclampsia. Keywords: Pre-eclampsia, PIH, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium

BackgroundThe prevalence of diabetes in China is increasing rapidly. However, scarce data are available on serum electrolyte levels in Chinese adults with diabetes, especially in those with cardiovascular complications. This study measured serum electrolyte levels and examined their relationship with macrovascular complications in Chinese adults with diabetes.MethodsThe three gender- and age-matched groups were enrolled into this analysis, which were 1,170 subjects with normal glucose regulation (NGR), 389 with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and 343 with diabetes. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour post-load plasma glucose (2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and serum electrolyte levels were measured. Data collection included ankle brachial index results.ResultsSerum sodium and magnesium levels in the diabetes group were significantly decreased compared to the NGR group (sodium: 141.0 ± 2.4 vs. 142.1 ± 2.0 mmol/l; magnesium: 0.88 ± 0.08 vs. 0.91 ± 0.07 mmol/l, all P < 0.01), while the serum calcium level was significantly increased (2.36 ± 0.11 vs. 2.33 ± 0.09 mmol/l, P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression showed that serum sodium and magnesium levels in the diabetes group were negatively correlated with FPG, 2hPG and HbA1c (sodium: Std β = −0.35, -0.19, -0.25; magnesium: Std β = −0.29, -0.17, -0.34, all P < 0.01), while the serum calcium level was positively correlated with HbA1c (Std β = 0.17, P < 0.05). In diabetic subjects, serum sodium, magnesium and potassium levels were decreased in the subjects with the elevation of estimated glomerular filtration rates (P < 0.05). ANCOVA analysis suggested that serum magnesium level in subjects with diabetic macrovascular complications was significantly decreased compared with diabetic subjects without macrovascular complications after the effect of some possible confounding being removed (P < 0.05).ConclusionsSerum sodium and magnesium levels were decreased in Chinese subjects with diabetes, while the observed increase in calcium level correlated with increasing glucose level. Diabetic patients with macrovascular complications had lower serum magnesium level than those with no macrovascular complications.

Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) are essential cations for women's preconception health. It is well known that, in blood, the concentration of ionized form of these two cations is temporally altered during menstrual cycle, suggesting a correlation between sex steroid hormones and serum calcium and magnesium levels. Evidence from literature suggests that in assisted reproductive technology increasing estrogens during ovarian hyperstimulation may also modulate serum magnesium and calcium levels. Therefore, we first examined total serum magnesium and calcium levels during follicular phase in a large population of infertile patients who underwent intrauterine insemination (IUI). The results were compared to a group of fertile women. Successively, we studied the total serum magnesium and calcium concentrations in infertile patients before and after ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Results highlight that total serum concentration of magnesium and calcium does not seem altered in infertile women. During stimulation with gonadotropins, the values of the two cations do not change significantly in ovarian-stimulated women. However, we found a downward trend in the total magnesium and calcium levels in relation to the rising estrogens.

Severe Zinc Deficiency: Effects on the Distribution of Nine Elements (Potassium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Copper and Manganese) in Regions of the Rat Brain