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:Background:Road traffic accidents have been one of the main causes of death worldwide. However, most of the crashes are both predictable and preventable. With the widespread use, mobile phone is considered as a major road safety risk. However, varieties of apps have recently been developed for improving the road traffic health and safety. Despite an increasing trend of these apps, there is no comprehensive analysis of their features and no taxonomy or classification of them based on the traffic safety theories or frameworks. The aim of this study was to explore characteristics of available mobile apps on the road traffic health and safety and classify them based on the Haddon’s Matrix.Methods:To conduct this research, a comprehensive and systematic review of the mobile applications developed for the road traffic health and safety was carried out through using the qualitative content analysis. Google Play was searched through using a combination of the keywords to retrieve the road traffic apps. In order to extract the app features, their description was examined, and their content was analyzed. Then they were classified in four main categories including Road Traffic Health & safety, Road Traffic Training, Road traffic Navigation, and Other Road Traffic apps. Finally, the Haddon’s matrix was applied to analyze and classify those mobile apps residing in two main categories of the traffic health & safety, and the traffic training. Haddon’s matrix is a relevant framework for structured analyses of traffic injury events. In the Haddon’s matrix, the contributions of human, vehicle/equipment and environmental factors to the injuries in the three phases pre-crash, crash and post-crash has been presented.Results:In this study, 916 mobile apps met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis.19 subcategories were identified for classifying the included apps based on their features and functionalities. In total, 620 of the mobile apps were grouped on the basis of Haddon’s matrix. About 61.76% of these apps were categorized as the traffic health & safety group. Among the subcategories of the traffic health & safety group, the highest number of apps (194) was the real-time traffic alerting apps. Behavior based feed-backing subcategory was ranked the second among the traffic health and safety apps with 75 apps.When the researchers applied factors and phases of Haddon’s framework for analyzing the apps, it was found that the Haddon’s factors have been taken into account in the apps grouped into two main categories of the apps including traffic training and traffic health & safety applications. The highest percentage of Haddon’s matrix factor considered for the intervention through the apps was related to the physical & social environment (23.69%) in the traffic training category. The features of 259 apps were classified in the Event/ Driving phase of Haddon’s matrix. Most of the apps in this phase was related to the real-time traffic alerting subgroup. These apps performed in real time while driving. The lowest number of the apps in driving phase was observed in the behavior based feed backing subcategory, which inform drivers about their driving behavior in real-time. Sixteen apps had features that categorized them in both Pre-event / Pre-driving and Event / Driving phases. In addition, 20 apps were found to have feature for intervening in both Event / Driving and Post-event / Post –driving phases. All 235 apps in the traffic training category were in pre-event/ pre-driving phase, which requires users to use these apps before driving.Conclusions:Applying Haddon’s matrix on analyzing and classifying the traffic health and safety apps revealed strengths and weaknesses of the existing related mobile apps in terms of the factors that must be considered for intervention toward prevention and reduction of road traffic accidents as the main public health issue.Keywords:Mobile apps, Traffic accident prevention apps, Traffic safety, Haddon matrix, Public health

The article is devoted to a detailed analysis of the impact of international cooperation on improving road traffic safety in Ukraine. The author emphasizes that every year, approximately 1.3 million people die worldwide as a result of road traffic accidents, with tens of millions more suffering injuries of varying severity. This makes the issue one of the most pressing on the international agenda. In this regard, international cooperation in the field of road traffic safety is of paramount importance. One of the main topics of the article is the analysis of international agreements, such as the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which is a key document in regulating road traffic at the international level. The Convention establishes uniform standards for the participating countries, promoting the unification of traffic rules, which is especially important in the context of the globalization of transport systems. The article examines how Ukraine is gradually implementing the provisions of this Convention into its national legislation, which is an important step toward harmonization with international standards. The article also explores global initiatives such as «Vision Zero,» which aims to achieve zero road deaths. This initiative originated in Sweden and has spread to many countries in Europe and around the world. The article analyzes successful cases of this initiative’s implementation in EU countries, which have significantly reduced road mortality rates. Ukraine is also striving to adapt these standards, which could become a key factor in reducing road accidents on its roads. The research methodology outlined in the article is based on an in-depth analysis of legal acts, a comparative study of international and national road safety standards, and a review of successful international practices in this field. This approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of the role of international cooperation in improving national road traffic safety policies. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that international cooperation not only contributes to improving infrastructure and regulatory frameworks but also stimulates the further development of a road safety culture. For Ukraine, it is crucial to continue cooperation with international organizations and adapt global standards to its conditions. This will not only improve road traffic safety but also reduce the accident rate on its roads.

Background: Road traffic accidents have been one of the main causes of death worldwide. However, most of the crashes are both predictable and preventable. With the widespread use, mobile phone is considered as a major road safety risk. However, varieties of apps have recently been developed for improving the road traffic health and safety. Despite an increasing trend of these apps, there is no comprehensive analysis of their features and no taxonomy or classification of them based on the traffic safety theories or frameworks. The aim of this study was to explore characteristics of available mobile apps on the road traffic health and safety and classify them based on the Haddon’s Matrix. Methods: To conduct this research, a comprehensive and systematic review of the mobile applications developed for the road traffic health and safety was carried out through using the qualitative content analysis. Google Play was searched through using a combination of the keywords to retrieve the road traffic apps. In order to extract the app features, their description was examined, and their content was analyzed. Then they were classified in four main categories including Road Traffic Health & safety, Road Traffic Training, Road traffic Navigation, and Other Road Traffic apps. Finally, the Haddon’s matrix was applied to analyze and classify those mobile apps residing in two main categories of the traffic health & safety, and the traffic training. Haddon’s matrix is a relevant framework for structured analyses of traffic injury events. In the Haddon’s matrix, the contributions of human, vehicle/equipment and environmental factors to the injuries in the three phases pre-crash, crash and post-crash has been presented. Results: In this study, 916 mobile apps met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis.19 subcategories were identified for classifying the included apps based on their features and functionalities. In total, 620 of the mobile apps were grouped on the basis of Haddon’s matrix. About 61.76% of these apps were categorized as the traffic health & safety group. Among the subcategories of the traffic health & safety group, the highest number of apps (194) was the real-time traffic alerting apps. Behavior based feed-backing subcategory was ranked the second among the traffic health and safety apps with 75 apps. When the researchers applied factors and phases of Haddon’s framework for analyzing the apps, it was found that the Haddon’s factors have been taken into account in the apps grouped into two main categories of the apps including traffic training and traffic health & safety applications. The highest percentage of Haddon’s matrix factor considered for the intervention through the apps was related to the physical & social environment (23.69%) in the traffic training category. The features of 259 apps were classified in the Event/ Driving phase of Haddon’s matrix. Most of the apps in this phase was related to the real-time traffic alerting subgroup. These apps performed in real time while driving. The lowest number of the apps in driving phase was observed in the behavior based feed backing subcategory, which inform drivers about their driving behavior in real-time. Sixteen apps had features that categorized them in both Pre-event / Pre-driving and Event / Driving phases. In addition, 20 apps were found to have feature for intervening in both Event / Driving and Post-event / Post –driving phases. All 235 apps in the traffic training category were in pre-event/ pre-driving phase, which requires users to use these apps before driving. Conclusion: Applying Haddon’s matrix on analyzing and classifying the traffic health and safety apps revealed strengths and weaknesses of the existing related mobile apps in terms of the factors that must be considered for intervention toward prevention and reduction of road traffic accidents as the main public health issue.

Road traffic accidents are still serious, especially in developing countries. This paper takes China as a typical example of a developing country with rich characteristics related to road traffic safety for analysis. Temporal, spatial, road traffic accidents and economic information were gathered from the China Statistical Yearbook. Principal components analysis (PCA) was employed to establish a comprehensive indicator to represent road traffic safety based on different types of road traffic accidents information. Pearson correlation analysis and Eta coefficient test were performed to analyze whether time and space characteristics would affect the established indicator. Then the established indicator was introduced as dependent variable while year and regions as independent variables in the mixed linear model (MLM). At last, single-element regression model was built to study the impact of GDP per capita on road traffic safety. In PCA, the variance explained by the established indicator was 93.993%. The results of Pearson correlation analysis and Eta coefficient test suggested that time and region were both related to the established indicator. MLM showed that the year, the regions and the interaction between them influenced road traffic safety in China significantly. The single-variable regression analysis indicated that, with the increase in GDP per capita, road traffic safety initially decreased and then increased. Road traffic safety in China was grim and changed greatly between different regions and years. This might be attributed to the yearly economic development and disparities among regions. .

BackgroundRoad traffic accidents have been one of the leading causes of death. Despite the increasing trend of road traffic apps, there is no comprehensive analysis of their features and no taxonomy for the apps based on traffic safety theories. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of available mobile apps on road traffic health/safety and classify them with emphasis on Haddon’s matrix.MethodsThe researchers examined the mobile applications related to road traffic health/safety using qualitative content analysis. Google Play was searched using a combination of the keywords. Haddon’s matrix was applied to analyze and classify those mobile apps residing in the categories of Road Traffic health & Safety, and Road Traffic Training.ResultsOverall, 913 mobile apps met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Classification of the apps based on their features resulted in 4 categories and 21 subcategories. A total number of 657 mobile apps were classified based on Haddon’s matrix. About 45.67% of these apps were categorized as the road traffic health & safety group.ConclusionsHaddon’s matrix appears to have the potential to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of existing mobile apps in the road traffic accident domain. Future development of mobile apps in this domain should take into account the existing gap.

Introduction. The issue of road traffic safety has been studied by many modern scientists. However, despite the research, this issue remains relevant to this day, both theoretically and practically. This is due to the fact that the concept of road traffic safety is not currently enshrined in law, and there is no unanimity among scientists on its content. Moreover, the relevance of the practical component is evidenced by the fact that over the past three years a number of important regulations in the field of road traffic safety and procedures for their implementation have been developed. The purpose of the paper is to determine the state of road traffic safety in Ukraine. In accordance with the goal, the main objectives of this study are to formulate a definition of “traffic”, “road traffic safety”, outlining their elements; determining the state of road traffic safety in Ukraine and further development trends, establishing the main directions of implementation of state policy in the field of road traffic safety. Results. Covering the issue of road safety, it should be noted that the current legislation of Ukraine does not provide a definition of this concept, but in 2016 there was an attempt to legislate both the legal category of “road traffic safety” and a number of closely related to it. Thus, the authors of the draft Law on Road Traffic and Safety defined traffic as “the process of traffic on roads and other places where it is not prohibited by the draft law”, and road traffic safety as “a state of the road system, due to which the appropriate level of protection of road users from road accidents and their negative consequences is determined and achieved”. It should be emphasized that road traffic safety is achieved through the application of appropriate measures of organizational, administrative, socio-economic and technical nature, which are enshrined in regulations and which are aimed at ensuring the proper and safe level road traffic safety for all its participants. It should be noted that neither the Ukrainian legislator nor the state executive bodies reduce the state of danger on the roads of Ukraine, so they are constantly developing appropriate programs and taking measures to increase the level of road traffic safety. Thus, in 2020, a state program was approved, the main goal of which is to reduce the level of accidents on the roads and the severity, first of all, of the socio-economic consequences of road accidents. Conclusion. According to the legislation of Ukraine, road traffic safety should be understood as a set of socio-economic and organizational-technical measures to ensure road traffic safety and road user, prevention of road traffic accidents and elimination or minimization of their negative consequences.

Road traffic safety is related to many factors, and it is also an important index to test the level of traffic safety management and the utilization rate of traffic investment. The investment in transportation industry, mainly composed of road traffic environment and traffic management investment, plays a decisive role in road traffic environment and is the main reason bring up traffic safety accidents. The medical investment in traffic safety assistance system includes pre-hospital emergency treatment and post-hospital treatment, and it's amplitude reflects the emergent management level of traffic safety. In order to explore the impact of China's road traffic safety management level and traffic investment utilization rate on road safety, this paper selects relevant indicators of the transportation industry investment and the medical industry investment in 31 provinces of China from 2004 to 2018 to construct a fixed effect model for studying the impact of various factors on the direct property loss in road traffic accidents. Results show that: 2004–2018 GDP, the number of newly registered civil vehicles, the number of medical and health institutions and the urban per capita road area have a positive correlation with the direct property loss in traffic accidents; the investment in transportation and the total high length have a negative correlation with the direct property loss in traffic accidents.

Objectives. Enhancing police road traffic crash records with road traffic crash related data from other sources is of special importance. One of such sources are data on casualties' harm. However, it is time consuming to collect non-police data on casualties' harm, especially from scattered and structurally heterogeneous data resources. Thus, the objective of the work was to elaborate the concept of an appropriately organised central data acquisition system that refers to road crashes. After implementation, the system could support both road traffic safety research and road traffic safety decision making purposes.Methods. The investigation has been conducted taking into account the need of research on road traffic safety in which information from external road traffic crash casualty data sources and police databases are linked. It enabled drawing the conclusion that record-level road crash casualty data from multiple providers are generally not organised and accessible at a national level. In order to address a possible solution to the problem, in the work a systematic approach was used, in which selected elements of the system analysis were adopted. The component parts (subsystems) of the central data acquisition system and their possible interactions were identified and examined. Then, the system requirements and constraints were discussed.Results. The scheme of the central system has been elaborated, the organisation of which would make the provision of both road crash data from police and road crash casualty data from administratively diverse units possible for any stakeholders. A diagram of the data transfer was described and a selection of key fields for the data integration was proposed. As the whole issue has a country-specific nature, the approach was presented for Polish conditions.Conclusions. Essential aspects of interdisciplinary research problems were identified and investigated with reference to the solution to the problem of how to agilely organise a central system of the data acquisition and the data access for road traffic safety analyses. The approach could initiate similar discussion and activities in other countries.

In order to solve the problems of lacking of funds, limited national power, and the condition to be improved urgently of road traffic safety, the idea to establish the early warning system in road traffic safety by utilizing the theory of constraint is introduced. At first, the paper points out the coupling relations of the enterprise system and the road traffic system in three aspects, and affirm the probability of applying the constraint to the road traffic system; Secondly, the goal to make the safety economy effect maximization of road traffic system has been proved, and the base is established for recognizing the constraint by choosing the work indexes including reduced standard losses unit time, delayed traffic volume and operating expenses; Thirdly, the index, as describing the ability of road traffic, should be the traffic flow, which is used to recognize the constraint; fourthly, the early warning system based on recognizing the constraint in road traffic safety is established, which is composed of two subsystems of recognizing the constraint, constituting and actualizing the countermeasure; at last but not the least, we discuss the interrelated problems at present in the system by the difference between the early warning management system based on recognizing the constraint and the present management system.

This paper discusses the effects of human factors on RTAs in Hawassa city. The research intended to attain two specific objectives - first, to examine the human errors that obstruct road traffic safety, and second, to the significant human factors contributing to road traffic accidents (RTAs). The research has used qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a variety of perspectives that can be studied. Simple descriptive analyses (mean, standard deviation, and percentage) using tables, graphs, and figures were conducted to analyze human factors' effect on road traffic accidents (RTAs) in the study area. Road traffic safety and improper utility and road use are considered factors affecting road traffic safety. The statistical analysis and result revealed that independent variables (speedy driving, drunken driving, distracted driving, road users neglecting) have a moderate correlation. However, they have a moderate, strong, and very strong relationship to the dependent variable, i.e., road traffic safety. In order to identify the main human factor contributing to road traffic accidents (RTAs), an analysis carried out by multiple linear regression analysis discovered four factors (independent variables) that significantly increase the risk of road traffic accidents (RTAs). Therefore, human factors have been identified to account for the occurrence of road traffic accidents (RTAs).

Human factors play a huge role in road traffic safety. Research has found that a huge proportion of traffic crashes occur due to some form of human error. Improving road user behavior has been the major strategy that has been emphasized for improving road traffic safety. Meanwhile, despite the training efforts, and testing for drivers, the global status of road traffic safety is alarming. This research highlights the seriousness of human factors on road traffic safety and provides actionable strategies to greatly reduce the negative impact of human factors on road traffic safety. Motor vehicle safety data that were made available online by the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics were reviewed to evaluate the severity of traffic collisions. To evaluate the extent of human factors in motor vehicle traffic fatalities, data for Canadian motor vehicle traffic collision statistics were reviewed. The study confirms that human factors (such as driver distraction, fatigue, driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol etc.) play a huge role in road traffic fatalities. The need for a reasonable degree of automation to help reduce the impacts of human factors on road safety and recommendations aimed at providing widespread support for a reasonable degree of automation systems in driving tasks are presented. Actionable strategies that can be implemented by policymakers to reduce global road traffic fatalities are also presented.

Analyzing and predicting road traffic accident severity is of vital importance for improving country road safety management capacity. Investigation of relationship model between road traffic deaths and factors reflecting traffic development and management level enables managers to carry out calculations in order to predict and analyze the macro trend of road traffic safety. Therefore, this paper deals with a multiregression model to predict road traffic fatalities and examine the significant factors of road traffic safety. In this paper, the data from 2002–2012 Annual Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in China (ASRTAC) are collected to model the correlation of road traffic fatalities with a set of factors (i.e. vehicle park, roadway lane-miles, total number of licensed drivers, Gross Domestic Product, number of traffic fines and number of serious traffic accident), which in return, the proposed model can be used to predict the road traffic deaths in future years. In this work, we show how the Multi-Regression (MR) method is performed to predict the road traffic accident deaths with a set of related factors. Then, hypothesis testing is used to examine the significance of the proposed model and each item. In addition, the backward strategy was used to remove some insignificant items and modify the prediction model. Finally, the improved model can be applied to predict the traffic fatalities and its confidence interval. The results show that the recent road traffic deaths in China have significant linear relationship with GDP, the number of traffic fines and the number of serious traffic accidents, and the proposed model can provide an accurate traffic deaths prediction. In general, this paper contributes to prediction of the road traffic fatalities, which provides the traffic management administration guidance for policy development and resource allocation regarding road safety in China.

The recently launched ISO 39001 is a management system for the safety of road traffic. It specifies requirements to enable an organization that interacts with the road traffic system, to reduce death and serious injuries related to road traffic crashes which it can influence. This paper looked at the readiness of JKR Sarawak to adopt ISO 39001 Road Traffic Safety (RTS) Management Systems. This paper highlights the current (RTS) practices and identified those which fulfilled the ISO 39001 requirements. This paper also investigated the challenges in achieving certification based on the six steps of a basic plan-do-check-act model for continuous improvement. The finding shows that the organization do fulfill parts of the requirement, however, it is not ready to adopt the best practice in road traffic safety management due to challenges in certification. Measurable RTS objectives are proposed to overcome the identified challenges.

Introduction: Each year, more than 20 million people are injured and 1.17 million are killed due to road traffic accidents. Developing countries account for over 85% of the deaths, and close to 90% of the disability caused by road traffic crashes worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practice and the factors influencing university students in Malaysia concerning road traffic accident. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted among the students of Management and Science University, Malaysia. The questionnaire was distributed randomly to the students of the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 13, T-test and ANOVA. Results: The total number of 109 students with the mean age of 20.94±1.89 years participated in this study. Approximately 39 (35.7%) of the participant had been involved in one or more than one road traffic accident. About 93.6% of them were very strongly/strongly convinced of seat belts importance. Multivariate analysis using the multiple linear regression method showed that age and attitude were significantly associated with the exposure to the accident. Conclusion: The study participants had moderate knowledge about road traffic regulations and most of them mentioned that high speed, drivers’ lack of awareness about traffic regulation and laws, and drivers’ non-compliance with traffic rules and regulation were the most important cause of road traffic accidents. Almost all students were very strongly/strongly convinced of seatbelts importance. Age and attitude were significantly associated with the exposure to the accident.

This article investigates how road transportation interacts with international legal frameworks, particularly focusing on their impact on the movement of vehicles, goods, and individuals across borders. Utilizing Nepal as a case study, the research examines the nation’s road transport systems alongside international legal obligations and treaties that influence landlocked nations. It explores the significance of international agreements such as the Vienna Conventions concerning Road Traffic and Transit, the United Nations’ pacts on transport infrastructure, and regional initiatives like the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) transport agreements. The analysis further evaluates how Nepal's national transport regulations conform to or differ from these international standards, pinpointing gaps and challenges in legal alignment, infrastructure enhancement, and cross- border connectivity. Attention is directed towards matters of transit rights, foreign investment, safety regulations, and sustainable transportation. Through doctrinal analysis, case studies, and policy assessments, the dissertation offers suggestions for improving Nepal’s legal and institutional frameworks to bolster regional integration and facilitate safe, efficient, and lawful road transport in alignment with global standards.