Promotion of stable polymorphs and molecular compound formation in mixtures of a high melting fraction of extra virgin olive oil and cocoa butter

Evaluation of Milk Fat Fractionation and Modification Techniques for Creating Cocoa Butter Replacers

Diets enriched with palm olein, cocoa butter, and extra virgin olive oil exhibited similar lipid response: a randomized controlled study in young healthy adults

The article concerns the research specificity of model systems such as cocoa butter – palm olein, cocoa butter – sucrose and cocoa butter – glucose syrup by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method. The researchers run experiments in the temperature range from –100 to –50°C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. In the cacao butter – palm olein system an eutectic occurs with a palm olein content of 30.0 % indicating the limited solubility of palm olein in cocoa butter. In the cocoa butter – sucrose system, cocoa butter crystallizes as in the α-form (10,0– 30,0; 60.0–90.0 % MK), and as a mixture of α-and β-forms of MK (40.0; 50,0; 70,0 and 80.0 %). Sucrose stabilizes low-temperature polymorphic modifications of cocoa butter. In the cocoa butter – glucose syrup system, temperature of samples melting is 21-22 °C. This composition is promising for use as a filling of confectionery products and glazes production. In this regard, a man can use glucose syrup only in the candy cases production. The role of surfactants used for the formation and stabilization of cocoa butter polymorphs and increasing the thermal stability of the shock-lad without the introduction of palm stearin requires separate consideration.

The role of fatty acid saturation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins: I. Effects of whole food diets high in cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, dairy butter, and milk chocolate on the plasma lipids of young men

The polymorphic behavior of cocoa butter and a high‐melting fraction of cocoa butter (CBF) was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of liquid fat on melting point and polymorphic behavior was established for six mixtures: 83.5% cocoa butter and 16.5% of a low‐melting fraction of cocoa butter (CBF‐LM), 90% cocoa butter and 10% olive oil, and four mixtures of CBF and olive oil containing 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% olive oil. Six polymorphs were found for cocoa butter and at least five for CBF. The melting points for cocoa butter and CBF were 35 and 38 C, respectively. Addition of CBF‐LM to cocoa butter reduced the observable polymorphs to four and the melting point to 32.5 C. In cocoa butter, 10% olive oil reduced the observable polymorphs to three and the melting point to 31.5C. Similarly, 10% olive oil in CBF reduced the observable polymorphs to three and the melting point to 37 C. Amounts of 20%, 30%, and 50% olive oil in CBF reduced the polymorphs to two and the final melting point to 34.5, 33, and 32 C, respectively. Possible explanations for the observed polymorphic behavior are advanced. Changes in the rates of tempering of cocoa butter and CBF on addition of various amounts of liquid fat are discussed.


 
 
 Cocoa butter is the most essensial component in chocolate formulation and represent the biggest characteristic of this product. Indonesia is the third cocoa producers with cocoa producing area spread out in different geographic region and may affect in cocoa butter profiles. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the fatty acid characteristic and physical properties of cocoa butter from smallholder estate relate to geographic region and climate. This experiment was conducted using unfermented cocoa bean from smallholder estate in eight provinces of Indonesian most growing areas. Fatty acid composition evaluated through the different region and physical properties evaluated in melting profiles and solid fat content. The result explain the fatty acid characteristic of Indonesian cocoa butter consist of palmitic acid (C16:0) 26.28–29.20%, stearic acid (C18:0) 32,14–37.29% and oleic acid (C18:1) 32,14–37,29%. Growing temperature signifi- cantly affects the increase of palmitic acid composition contribute to cocoa butter hardness. Cocoa butter completely melt in temperature of 36.65–39.20OC and solid fat content ranged 7.288–16.82% in 33OC and ranged 0.02–0.29% in 38OC. This Indonesian cocoa butter comply to the classification of hard cocoa butter.
 
 

Crystallization kinetics of cocoa butter in the presence of sorbitan esters

Effects of polar cosolvents on cocoa butter extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide

Soap is one of the cleansers made by chemical reactions between sodium or potassium bases with fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats, such as coconut oil, VCO, palm oil, castor oil, olive oil, soybean oil, cocoa fat, tallow and lard. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat and heating temperature to the characteristics of soap and determine comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat and heating temperature to produce the best soap characteristics. This study used factorial randomized block design with two factor experiments. The first factor was the comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat which consists of five experimental levels, namely: 0:60, 15:45, 30:30, 45:15, 60: 0. The second factor was the heating temperature which consists of 3 experimental levels, namely: 60?C, 70?C, 80?C. The results showed that the comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat and heating temperature and the interaction between the two treatments had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on rendemens, texture, and soap foam. Comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat and heating temperature had a very significant effect (P<0.01), but the interaction between the two treatments had no significant effect (P>0.05) on soap water content. Comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat was very significant (P<0.01), but the heating temperature and interaction between the two treatments had no significant effect (P>0.05) on free fatty acids and soap-free alkalis. The best treatment was obtained from an alternative treatment comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat 15:45 and heating temperature 70?C with soap rendemens of 88.36%, soap texture of 4.90 kg, soap foam content of 72.64%, soap water content of 13.73%, free fatty acid levels of 0.40 (ml equivalent NaOH/g), soap free alkalis of 0.05%.
 Keywords : Coconut oil, cocoa fat, heating temperature, saponification, soap

Digestibility of Cocoa Butter and Corn Oil and Their Influence on Fatty Acid Distribution in Rats

Масло какао (МК) является дорогим сырьевым компонентом шоколада, формирующим отличительные органолептические свойства шоколадной кондитерской продукции. Существует также широкая линейка эквивалентов масла какао, заменителей и улучшителей, которые по теплофизическим свойствам – температурам плавления, кристаллизации и другим технологическим свойствам подобны МК, однако в 2-5 раз его дешевле. В связи с этим фальсификация МК в шоколадной продукции путем его полной или частичной замены – частое явление. Подлинность масла какао контролируют методом обращенно-фазовой ВЭЖХ по содержанию триглицеридов (ТГ) в жировой фазе. Целью работы явился анализ данных ВЭЖХ по составу ТГ в натуральном МК различного происхождения и условий репродукции какао-бобов. Установлены генотипические и фенотипические тренды в этом составе. Показано, что выявленные значимые парные корреляции у=ах+b между содержанием ТГ могут быть использованы в проверке подлинности МК. При этом необходимо контролировать содержание и соотношения не только основных ТГ с позиционной специфичностью – ТГ из пальмитиновой, олеиновой и стеариновой кислот (POP, POS и SOS), в которых олеиновая кислота находится в sn-2 позиции, но и ТГ, доля которых составляет 1-5%. Так, при росте содержания в масле какао POP симбатно растет POS, асимбатно изменяется содержание OOA, асимбатно доле POS падает содержание OOO, SOL, SOO, PPP, при этом растет содержание SOA. При росте доли SOS падает доля POO, PSL. Наиболее тесная биохимическая симбатная корреляция в составе МК наблюдалась для соотношения SOS/SOA, коэффициент детерминации R2=0.95. Установленные природные корреляционные взаимосвязи могут быть использованы не только в проверке подлинности масла какао, но и в дальнейших биологических, биохимических и диетологических исследованиях

High and unstable prices on such cocoa products as cocoa butter have triggered a search for substitutes. Thus, it is necessary to develop identification methods for chocolate authenticity, since chocolate is one of the most popular confectionery products. The present research employed the methods of thermal and thermomechanical analysis to study samples of chocolate produced in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Community (the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Republic of Belarus) and chocolate bars with cocoa butter substitutes. An analysis of the sucrose – cocoa butter (CB) system revealed that samples with CB = 10–30%, 60%, and 90% demonstrated a single polymorphic modification of glycerides CB α-form with a melting point of 21–23°C. The samples with CB = 0%, 50%, 70%, and 80% showed a more heat-resistant modification (β’-modification) with a maximum melting point of 27.0–27.5°C. In addition, the melting peaks of glycerides were found not constant, which may indicate a eutectic effect in the sucrose – CB system. The samples of chocolate produced in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan passed the tempering stage and demonstrated the most heat-resistant β-modification of CB. However, the samples differed in the melting temperature: T max = 33.9°C for the Russian chocolate and T = 34.8°C for 
 the samples from Kazakhstan (the Rakhat brand). The samples from Belarus did not pass the tempering and were found to contain a thermodynamically unstable CB α-phase (the Kommunarka factory). The samples produced by the Spartak factory (Gomel, the republic of Belarus) contained an additional CB β’-phase. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves for chocolate bars with CB substitutes differed from the DSC curves for cocoa butter and chocolate samples. The fact can be used for identification. The DSC method can be used to identify the individual characteristics of the producer of chocolate and its analogues since the parameters of the melting curve of the fat phase and the shape of the curve are individual. The thermomagnetic analysis (TMA) method complemented the identification by determining the mass fraction of the liquid phase. Joint application of DSC and TMA methods allowed the authors to evaluate the quality of chocolate, its formulation, as well as to reveal the presence of cocoa products substitutes in the samples as compared to the reference sample.

Several cocoa butter‐like fats, which had been prepared by fractional crystallization of the reaction product obtained on interesterifying highly‐hydrogenated cottonseed oil and a triolein product or olive oil, were characterized and compared with cocoa butter.The fats, as obtained by fractional crystallization from acetone solutions, contained varying amounts of glycerides melting above 37ŶC., an undesirable feature which caused the fats to thicken too much when used in chocolate type compositions under the same conditions employed with cocoa butter. The higher‐melting glycerides could be removed by filtration, or their proportions could be decreased by changing the fractionation temperatures. The fats melted mostly over the same temperature range associated with cocoa butter, and the best of the fats resembled cocoa butter closely over the temperature range 0Ŷ to 30ŶC.The cocoa butter‐like fats resembled cocoa butter in hardness at all test temperatures.The fats were reasonably compatible with cocoa butter, that is, in mixtures of the two, one did not cause extensive premelting of the other.According to their cooling curves, the cocoa butter‐like fats did not supercool as cocoa butter does. The former contain not only the 2‐oleodisaturated glycerides of cocoa butter but also positional isomers of these glycerides. When the fats were molded under the same conditions employed with cocoa butter, linear shrinkage was only about one‐third that of cocoa butter.

Seed crystals isolated from Ivory Coast cocoa butter were shown to differ in chemical and thermal characteristics from solidified Ivory Coast butter. Higher concentrations of complex lipids in the seed crystals have led to speculation on the role these polar molecules play in lipid crystallization events. Phospholipids separated from lipid seed crystal isolates were twelve‐fold more concentrated than the original cocoa butter. Seed crystals contained 3.99% phospholipids while cocoa butter samples contained 0.34%. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid were identified in cocoa butter with phosphatidylcholine (37.7%), phosphatidylglycerol (27.3%) and phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine (15.6%) being the major phospholipid constituents. Two phospholipids not previously reported in cocoa butter were identified as phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol based on co‐migration of standards. Cocoa butter and its seed crystals contained the same phospholipid entities; however, individual phospholipids differed significantly in concentration. Phosphatidylethanolamine (30.4%) and phosphatidylcholine (30.2%) were the major phospholipids in seed crystal samples. Fatty acid composition of cocoa butter and seed crystal phospholipids were found to be similar, with the exception of myristic, stearic and oleic acids. Myristic acid was three‐fold higher in phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine in the seed crystals, whereas stearic acid was significantly lower in the seed crystals when compared to the cocoa butter. Concentrations of oleic acid were twice as high in seed crystal phosphatidylethanol‐amine and almost four times as high in seed crystal phosphatidylcholine than in corresponding cocoa butter samples. The possible role phospholipids play in seed crystal development and in crystallization events is discussed.

Rambutan (Nephelium opossum L) is one of the most important tropical fruits that is originally found in Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, Borneo and other countries in this region. The industrial processing of this fruit produces seeds and peels as waste materials. The aim of this work was to determine the physical-chemical properties of fermented-roasted Rambutan seed fat (RSF) and its mixtures with Cocoa butter (CB) in term of viscosity, texture (hardness), thermal stability, and fatty acid composition, and free fatty acid, acid value. The mixtures M3, M4, and RSF which possess similar crystal formation showed almost similar hardness index in the range of 11.18 to 24.77. The mixtures M1 and CB exhibited higher hardness index than M2, M3, M4 and RSF in the range of 57.55 to 63.85. The results showed that a low viscosity was observed in the mixture CB and M1 with increasing the temperatures at 35, 40 and 50 o C whereas, a high viscosity was observed in the other mixture such as M3, M4, and RSF with increasing the temperature, respectively. The result found that the major fatty acid composition was present in CB (100%CB+0%RSF) and M1 (80%CB+20%RSF), such as palmitic, stearic and oleic acid, respectively. The results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in FFA among CB (2.72±0.65%), M1 (3.01±0.32%) and M2 (3.47±0.16%). At the same time, the results of A.V showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among CB (4.68±1.29), M1 (5.98±0.64) and M2 (6.92±0.33) mgKOH/g, respectively, but M1 value was very close to CB value. The results exhibited that CB and M1 had a lower viscosity than M2, M3, M4 and RSF with increasing temperature. From these results, it was found that it is possible to utilize rambutan seed fat as a cocoa butter replacer in a suitable ratio depending on the final products.