ProHunter: A comprehensive APT hunting system based on whole-system provenance

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a new method for the automatic detection of pit structures in airborne laser scanning data collected with at least five emitted pulses per square metre. Oppland County, Norway, has a large number of ancient iron production sites and hunting systems. Today, these are manifested as pits in the ground. The iron production sites were used 1400–700 yr ago, and consist of charcoal burning pits, often located in groups of four around a central oven, which also occasionally can be located as a small mound. The hunting systems were used 2000–500 yr ago, and consisted of concealed pitfall traps and wooden fences, located on deer trekking routes. The fences are gone, but the pits remain. Many of the iron production sites and hunting systems are located in forested areas. The current, traditional mapping of these is relatively poor, with many individual pits missing, and poor positional accuracy of the ones that are mapped. This means that overlays of cultural heritage sites cannot be trusted when planning new highways, residential areas, cabins, etc. Experience suggests that automatic detection is clearly superior to visual inspection of the lidar data in finding small pits or pits that are not easily visible. However, visual inspection is better at finding additional information as human interpretation based on archaeological knowledge can be applied. Combining these two methods secures a very good basis for subsequent field survey. In conclusion, we demonstrate that automatic detection of hunting systems and iron extraction sites in lidar data is a valuable tool in combination with visual inspection of the lidar data, prior to field survey. Provided that the point density of the lidar data is high enough, the field survey can be accomplished ten times faster compared with the traditional approach without lidar data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Mutant resources are indispensable for the characterization of the functions of genes. There are two types of mutants, loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutants. Recently, we have developed a novel system in plants that uses a gain-of-function approach and is named as the FOX (full-length cDNA overexpressor gene) hunting system. In this system, Arabidopsis full-length cDNAs (fl-cDNAs) are randomly over-expressed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter in Arabidopsis plants. These transgenic plants, or Arabidopsis FOX lines, possess ectopically expressed fl-cDNAs in their genome. Chemical genomics is a newly emerging field that connects chemical biology with genomes. Since each FOX line expresses an excess amount of the protein from the transgene it can be resistant or hypersensitive to bioactive chemicals when the protein is the target for the chemical. In this protocol, we describe the procedure for identification of the fl-cDNAs responsible for the target of the chemical or for the signal transduction pathway involving the chemical.

Understanding how ecological and social constraints interacted to shape bison hunting systems during the late Holocene reveals the dynamic ways bison hunting strategies adapted to changing conditions. At the Bergstrom site in central Montana, bison were hunted intermittently for roughly seven centuries before archaeologically visible use ceased near 1100 cal yr BP. To explain why hunting stopped despite continued regional bison presence, we integrate archaeological excavation, radiocarbon chronology, and multiproxy riparian paleoecology (pollen, charcoal, coprophilous fungal spores) with regional drought reconstructions and analysis of radiocarbon-dated bison occurrences. Local environmental proxies show stable vegetation, low fire activity, and persistent large-herbivore indicators after abandonment, providing little support for ecological transformation as a cause. Regional synthesis reveals that archaeological bison frequencies increased 5.5-fold through the Holocene while paleontological frequencies remained stable, with peak hunting intensity coinciding with severe, multi-decadal droughts. These findings contradict models of population tracking and indicate that hunting reorganization, not prey scarcity, led to site abandonment. The most parsimonious explanation is convergence of constraints: drought reduced processing water at hydrologically marginal sites while rising organizational demands favored larger, infrastructure-intensive communal operations. The abandonment of the small Bergstrom site likely reflects an adaptive reorganization of bison hunting efforts toward larger, topographically advantageous sites better suited to increasingly coordinated communal hunting systems. This case study illustrates how historical hunting systems maintained regional persistence through episodic site use and localized abandonment, providing empirical guidance for contemporary managers seeking to restore the spatial heterogeneity and adaptive capacity that supported bison-human systems under climatic variability.

Mutant populations are indispensable tools for investigating plant gene functions. Gain-of-function technology is one of the approaches used for the systematic production of mutant resources and activation tagging is a well-established method to generate gain-of-function mutants in plants. As an alternative approach for the systematic generation of a gain-of-function mutant population, we developed the Full-length cDNA OvereXpressor (FOX)-hunting system in which full-length cDNAs (fl-cDNAs) are overexpressed in plants to quickly identify candidate genes. The FOX-hunting system was used for high-throughput analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) genes heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana (rice FOX Arabidopsis lines). A large screening to identify and characterize rice genes with rice FOX Arabidopsis lines revealed that one of the isolated genes, BROAD-SPECTRUM RESISTANCE 1 (BSR1) conferred multiple or broad-spectrum disease resistance in both a dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant. We found that expression of rice fl-cDNAs without a homolog in Arabidopsis affected morphological traits. In addition, overexpression of homologous genes of rice and Arabidopsis led to a similar phenotype. Thus, we conclude that the FOX-hunting system is an excellent heterologous system and offers a new tool with which to explore gene function in rice.

Manik H, Yurmiaty H, Asmara IY, Handarto, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R. 2018. Wattled Brushturkey hunting system in the Sigim and Sinaitousi communities in the buffer zone of the Arfak Mountain Nature Reserve, West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 849-856. Illegal hunting is still the cause of the decline of wildlife populations in nature. This is particularly the case with protected wildlife and endemic species, such as the Wattled Brushturkey in Palau West Papuan. Thus, research needs to be done on the hunting system at the site. The aim of this research was to know Wattled Brushturkey (Aepypodius arfakianus) hunting system by Sigim and Sinaitousi villagers, Arfak Mountains of West Papua. The research used descriptive method with field observation technique and semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the main purpose of hunting Wattled Brushturkey conducted by the Sigim and Sinaitousi communities is to consume the meat, while a part of egg hunting is for sale. The hunting by the two villagers was generally done in groups. The frequency of hunting depends on needs and demand. Hunting is done using snares, dogs, and combinations of snares and dogs. The tools used are snares, machetes, air rifles, arrows nad bows. The modern tools such as gun have been used in both villages. The hunting of Wattled Brushturkey begins in the morning and continues until late afternoon. The location of hunting is usually primary forest, secondary forest of former garden and river basin.

Full-length cDNAs (fl-cDNAs) are important resources for the characterization of gene function, since they contain all the information required for the production of functional RNAs and proteins. Large sets of fl-cDNA clones have been collected from several plant species and have become available for functional genomic analysis. We have developed a system for the identification of gene function by screening for transgenic plants ectopically expressing fl-cDNAs and named it the FOX (fl-cDNA overexpressor gene) hunting system. This system can be applied to almost all plant species without prior knowledge of their genome sequences because only fl-cDNAs are required. For utilization of the FOX hunting system, Agrobacterium libraries and Arabidopsis seeds carrying rice and Arabidopsis fl-cDNAs are available. Here, we will describe the procedure followed in the FOX hunting system from the generation of expression vectors carrying fl-cDNAs to the confirmation of phenotype in retransformed plants.

The article analyzes the works of researchers providing information about superstitions and prohi-bitions related to the dog, deep roots of hunting with eagle and greyhound which have not lost their importance in the life, farming and cultural life of the Kazakh people from the ethnographic history of the Kazakh steppe in the second half of the XIX and the beginning of the XX centuries that continue to this day. The purpose and task of the research – is to study in the course of a historiographic analysis of the works of researchers that the dog, which as the first domesticated animal played an important role in the life of different nations – also in Kazakh society, as a protector of livestock, guard, in the hunting system – as a source of income and food, from a religious and mythological point of view – as a protec-tor from evil. In the research work, the concept of “dog” is common to Turkic peoples, but there were a number of differences according to the peculiarities of the cultural and economic life of the nomadic Kazakh society, in particular, two types of dogs are common among Kazakhs, that is, “tobet” (dog) which protects livestock in nomadic life, and “tazy” (greyhound) which used in hunting were considered based on the works of A. Bram, A. Scherbak, A. Dobrosmyslov, Ya. Polferov, I. Ibrahimov, M. Masson. As well as, superstitions and rituals related to dogs in the worldview of Kazakhs were studied in the works of A. Divaev, A. Budagov, R. Karutz, S. Abramzon. Conclusion. Analyzing the works of researchers who provided information about the Kazakh dog, it was determined that dog played a significant role in the cultural, historical and economic life of the traditional Kazakh society and there were two types that were widespread in the Kazakh steppe.

The use of forest wild species directly contributes to the well-being of billions of people globally and is particularly important to people living in vulnerable situations. Rural, indigenous communities have harvested a variety of timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for millennia and still do to date. For these people, forests provide many products and benefits such as food, medicine, fuelwood and a source of income from trade in these items. In South Africa, a large number of studies have investigated the harvesting and use of NTFPs, highlighting their importance to rural and urban communities. Additionaly, the hunting of wild mammals occurs throughout the Afro-temperate forests of South Africa. Yet, no comprehensive study has been conducted on the hunting and use of wild forest mammals in the region. I sought to investigate the motivations, extent and impact of local hunting in the indigenous forests of the Eastern Cape. I hypothesize that in the region hunting is not a primary source of nutrition or income, but it continues to hold cultural significance, reflecting deep-rooted traditions within these communities. Understanding bushmeat hunting and use in the region is key to guiding sustainable management and assessing the need for policy adjustments. The current study firstly provides a detailed evaluation of NTFPs harvesting and use, highlighting the livelihood benefits associated with bushmeat hunting by investigating bushmeat hunting patterns and consumption by rural communities surrounding forest patches in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Here bushmeat hunting refers to the informal hunting of wild mammals by rural communities, primarily for subsistence consumption. While often organised and small-scale, it is shaped by local ecological knowledge, cultural traditions, and resource availability. The practice occurs within a complex illegal and socio-economic landscape, where access to alternative protein sources, conservation regulations, and historical land-use patterns influence its prevalence and significance. To assess NTFP harvesting and bushmeat hunting, 12 villages at different proximities to forests were selected around the province. Using a quantitative approach in the form of guided, semi-structured interviews, data on the extraction and use of NTFPs, bushmeat hunting, frequency of bushmeat consumption, general protein consumption and food security of each household were solicited. Only 16% of the households attested to hunting in the 12 months prior to the survey, with all these households including an active hunter. Though 64% of the interviewed head of households mentioned that they had consumed bushmeat in the past year, these were mostly men, only 12% percent mentioned that the hunter in the household brought their catch home and consumed the meat with their families. Hunters mostly consumed their catch with other hunters, non-hunting males and young boys. Hence the study concluded that bushmeat consumption was not an important livelihood strategy nor food source of rural people but instead plays a significant social and cultural role in the region. I also provide comprehensive insights into bushmeat hunting practices in the province. Though conducting in-depth questionnaire surveys with self-identifying hunters from the 12 villages I was able to determine the motivations, methods and perceptions behind bushmeat hunting. A total of 147 hunter interviews were conducted. All the interviewees were male, with a mean age of 32 ± 9 years. The primary motivations behind bushmeat hunting were culture (40%), sport/competition (33%) and recreational purposes (20%). Contrary to hunting in the tropics, only 4% mentioned that they hunt for income. Most of the hunters (44%) used mixed hunting methods. This involved setting up or checking snares whilst hunting with dogs and sticks, 27% only used dogs and sticks and 17% only used snares. Hunters reported ten mammal species caught in forests of the Eastern Cape in the last 12 months. Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), Common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and Cape porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis) were the most hunted species. All the hunters acknowledged that hunting was an illegal activity and if caught they could be arrested. The study further presents a thorough assessment of forest mammal species diversity under hunting pressure. Evidence suggests that higher hunting occurs in communal land forests compared to forests on protected or privately owned land. Hence, data on species richness and abundance within fenced protected forests and neighbouring unfenced communal forests was acquired using a mixed-methods approach in the form of ecological line transects and local ecological knowledge (LEK) surveys. The line transects revealed a mean mammal species richness of 7.6 ±1.3 in the protected forests, 5.3 ±1.4 in the Afromontane communal forests and 3.3 ±1.6 in the Coastal communal forests. The Afromontane and Coastal communal forests had a mean species abundance of 12.1 ± 5.4 and 6.5 ± 5.0, per forest respectively, whilst the protected forests had a mean species abundance of 18.0 ± 7.0. During the LEK surveys hunters from villages close to the forests reported more species (8.9 ±1.7) than those from far villages (7.3 ± 1.2). The regular forest users reported a mean species richness of 5.5 ± 1.2 and the local experts from the protected forests reporting a mean species richness of 13.4 ± 0.7. The study demonstrates the importance of mixed-methods approach in wildlife research and sustainable natural resource use. The current study clearly shows that protected areas support higher biodiversity and that local forest users’ knowledge aligns well with ecological data. Lastly, I present a social-ecological assessment of bushmeat hunting in the forests of the Eastern Cape. The use of traditional biological sustainability indices have proved inadequate for measuring the impact of bushmeat hunting because sustainability is treated as a static, binary question, thus ignoring stochastic processes, the inherent variability of natural systems, and the complexity of hunting systems. I hence used a combination of social and ecological methods to gain insights on how the offtake of forest mammal species affected species density in the communal forests of the Eastern Cape and also how this influenced hunting practices and behaviour. The density estimates of the hunted mammal fauna in the communal forests was significantly less (50%) than in the protected forests in the region. Also, the density estimates for the five most hunted mammal species in the communal forests were significantly lower (15%) than density estimates reported in the literature. Additionally, participatory hunter interviews revealed a decline in catch per unit effort and harvest rates over the past 10 years. This decline resulted in changes in the hunting strategies and patterns of many hunters. I argue that bushmeat hunting systems should be regarded as social-ecological systems in which the animal populations are not the only focus. Instead, understanding the complex and dynamic relationships between the hunting ground, its resources, the stakeholders, and the different exogenous drivers of change that affect these components yields a better interpretation of sustainability. The current study contributes to the growing knowledge of bushmeat hunting and use in the country and also provides novel findings on the sustainability of bushmeat hunting in the forests of the Eastern Cape. Here I provide an all-inclusive appraisal of bushmeat hunting and use by rural communities living adjacent to biodiversity-rich indigenous forests. The study provides in-depth insights on household bushmeat use, hunting practices and motivations of hunters and the effect of hunting on mammalian forest fauna. Furthermore, the study provides a novel approach to determining the sustainability of bushmeat hunting by using mixed social and ecological methods. The study can be used as a model for other studies assessing bushmeat hunting elsewhere in the country.

It is difficult to establish the precise mathematical model of the outlet temperature of hot-blast stove in the real manufacturing, for the control system is hunting system, with uncertainty, time variation, and coupling. So it will be more difficult to guarantee the effort of control, based on the control algorithm of precise mathematical model. Aiming at these problems, a new predictive control strategy which can quickly suppress disturbances has been provided by this paper. The strategy is based on the idea of control of dynamic matrix control, and combines dynamic matrix control and the advantages of both time optimal control. It is proved by the simulation result that this strategy acts a good effect on the outlet temperature control of hot-blast stove and will quickly suppress the interference.

We have developed a novel gain-of-function system that we have named the FOX hunting system (Full-length cDNA Over-eXpressing gene hunting system). We used normalized full-length cDNA and introduced each cDNA into Arabidopsis by in planta transformation. About 10 000 independent full-length Arabidopsis cDNAs were expressed independently under the CaMV 35S promoter in Arabidopsis. Each transgenic Arabidopsis contained on average 2.6 cDNA clones and was monitored under various categories such as morphological changes, fertility and leaf color. We found 1487 possible morphological mutants from 15 547 transformants. When 115 pale green T(1) mutants were analyzed, 59 lines represented the mutant phenotypes in more than 50% of the T(2) progeny. Characterization of two leaf color mutants revealed the significance of this approach. We also document mutants from several categories and their corresponding full-length cDNAs.

Identification of stress-tolerance-related transcription-factor genes via mini-scale Full-length cDNA Over-eXpressor (FOX) gene hunting system

The process of population growth in the urban area along with the article deals with the study of changes of land use pattern Socio-economic activities of tribes as a result of rapid urbanization. It encompasses an extensive survey of the tribes’ dwelling places in urban, fringe and the rural settlements. The salient features include exploration of the physical and cultural background in the case study area. Composition of tribe families in 1931, Tribal population growth rate during 1931 to 2011, Urban to Rural Tribal population ratio, the proportion of Tribal people affected by urbanization and rapid populating in the study area i.e. change of their tradition and culture after the urbanization etc. Major findings include: 
 Perceptible changes occurred in Socio cultural system of tribes like birth, funeral, religion etc. Land use pattern, Majhi- Pargana system, tendency to change surnames, erosion of mother tongue, advent of dowry system, hunting system in forests, vanishing forefather’s name. Use of modern costume, musical instruments, dances in place of their traditional ones, etc. 
 Pull factors i.e. Urbanization and urban development is started in the East Singhbhum the commercial, industrial and transport preferment has favored the recent urban development throughout the areas. These have been accelerated with the overwhelming growth of population in urban areas through migration at acceleration and natural growth. These have given rise to systems of central places, problems of slums and squatter settlements besides enhancing the linkages of industrial centers thereby increasing the entropy of urban places. All these have forced the Governments to think about change in the urban policies, population policies and planning prospects. 
 In the East Singhbhum District process of rapid population growth started from the establishment of Tata Iron and Steel Company in 1907 as well as copper mines at Mosaboni and Ghatshila in 1927. This development changed the socio cultural life style of tribes. Though their Living standard, Educational and Economic condition had changed, they stand developed in all aspects but as a trade-off lost their socio-cultural composition a great deal. They must continue their positive traditional cultures and social traits and may do away with the negative sides like excessive drinking habits of the traditional brew etc. to avoid the extinction in the long run from the memory of the future generations. It is possible only by the awareness to them. Aboriginal culture has many important things, which need to be preserved and have to continue as Indian culture in the context of sustaining beautiful diversity of Indian culture landscape.

Managing ungulates is never just a biological challenge. The diverse nature of legislative systems and social attitudes towards the management of ungulates, as well as ecogeographical differences, lead to a complex mosaic of management strategies across Europe. The authors of this book cover both the biological and social components of this topic, and they synthesise the complex information in a well-informed and science-based management. This book is a companion volume to the earlier extensive publication “European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21st Century” by Apollonio et al. (1). Initiated at a meeting in Italy in 2004, the first book already covered the status and distribution of ungulate species for 28 European countries. In this second volume, 26 experts created a synthesis of the legislative foundations, challenges and possible management options that shape the current ungulate management in Europe. The book is structured into two main parts. It begins with an overview covering the status of ungulates, the different value systems and legislative rules connected to ungulate management. The second section deals with recent challenges and explores different management options. In contrast to the first book, each chapter combines information about the different countries. Additionally, by presenting the data in large tables it is possible to easily compare the different countries. The second chapter uses five case studies to illustrate the distribution and genetic status of ungulates in Europe. The third chapter deals with the different legislative systems concerning ungulate management. The authors don't claim to offer exhaustive information on this subject due to strong differences between, and often even within, countries. The fourth chapter discusses the possible biological effects of hunting seasons and looks specifically at the possible effects of hunting during the rut, late pregnancy and hunting of females with dependant young. By raising ecological and ethical questions, this chapter stimulates a critical look at the reader's own hunting systems. The fifth chapter provides a summary of the different census methods and their applications within Europe. The authors discuss the ongoing debate whether to count animals or to measure the impact on habitat and body condition. The sixth chapter reviews the impact of ungulates on vegetation, including forestry, agriculture and conservation areas. Two chapters and an extra information box deal with the role of diseases in ungulate populations. The increasing problem of traffic collisions and especially their mitigation is covered in detail and proves to be a valuable reference. The ninth chapter discusses the highly topical role of large herbivores as environmental engineers. The relationship of large carnivores and ungulates is increasingly more important for many European countries, particularly as the wolf expands its range. This topic is discussed in chapter 10 and is extended by an additional information box about the influence of foxes. The book closes by exploring the possible effects of climate change and provides an outlook of the future of ungulate management in Europe. Management of ungulates is mainly focused on hunting in this book. Given the importance of hunting as a management tool in Europe, this may be justified but alternative methods like managing habitat could have been discussed in more detail. The book highlights the underlying reasons that shape the different management policies in Europe and leads to a better understanding of the problems policy makers, wildlife managers, hunters and scientists face while managing ungulates in Europe. This volume is a valuable work of reference and will improve the development of a more coordinated science-based management in Europe.

Hunting is a major threat to many species of wildlife. However, managing hunting systems to ensure their sustainability requires a thorough demographic knowledge about the impact of hunting. Here we develop a framework integrating ecological, modelling and sociological data to achieve a sustainability assessment of flying-fox hunting in New Caledonia and assess the relative merits of alternative management policies. Using age-specific stochastic population models, we found that the current annual hunting rate [5.5-8.5%] is likely to lead to a severe decline (- 79%) of Pteropus populations over the next 30years. However, a majority of hunters surveyed (60%) were willing to soften their practices, offering an opportunity for adaptive management. Recurrent temporary hunting ban (at least 1year out of 2) in combination with protected areas (≥ 25%) appears as the most effective and most accepted management option. Our integrative approach appears to be a promising method for ensuring that traditional hunting systems can remain sustainable in a rapidly changing world.

본 연구는 야생동물관리에서 수렵(사냥)문화를 살펴보는데 있다. 야생동물의 출몰이 늘면서 수렵에 대한 관심도 증가하고 있다. 이미 오래전부터 우리의 삶과 자연생태계의 유지 및 보전을 위해 사냥이 빈번하게 이루어지고 있기 때문에, 야생동물관리에서 수렵은 일반적인 행위로 인식되고 있다. 이에 수렵이 어떠한 담론들로 정당화되어 왔는지에 대한 문제의식을 가지고, 현재의 수렵에 큰 영향을 주었던 일제 강점기부터 현재까지의 수렵제도를 중심으로 수렵양상을 파악하고, 야생동물에 대한 담론의 변화를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 첫째, 야생동물의 활용도가 감소하면서 전통적인 활용가치 및 형태가 변하고 있는데, 수렵을 스포츠로 인식하여 야생동물을 유희의 대상으로 여기는 사람들이 증가하고 있다. 둘째, 야생동물로 인한 인간의 피해가 증가하면서 유해야생동물은 구제 대상동물로 치부되고 있다. 셋째, 야생동물의 소유권은 국가의 공공자원에서 점차 그 권리가 지역으로 축소되어 지역 공유자원 혹은 사적 자원으로 변하고 있다. 넷째, 수렵도(수렵태도)는 수렵규제로 강화하고 있다. 이를 바탕으로 결론에서는 향후 수렵제도 개선을 위한 몇 가지 방안을 제시하였다.