Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is an important horticultural crop that is vegetatively propagated using runner plants. To achieve massive production of runner plants, it is important to transfer the assimilation products of the mother plant to the runner plants, and not to the runner itself. Application of prohexadione–calcium (Pro–Ca), a plant growth retardant with few side effects, to strawberry is effective in inhibiting transport of assimilates to runners. This study aimed to determine the optimum application method and concentration of Pro–Ca on the growth characteristics of mother plants, runners, and runner plants for the propagation of strawberry in nurseries. Pro–Ca was applied at the rate of 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 mg·L−1 (35 mL per plant) to plants via foliar spray or drenching under greenhouse conditions at 30 days after transplantation. Petiole lengths of mother plants were measured 15 weeks after treatment; growth was suppressed at the higher concentrations of Pro–Ca regardless of the application method. However, the crown diameter was not significantly affected by the application method or Pro–Ca concentration. The number of runners was 7.0 to 8.2, with no significant difference across treatments. Runner length was shorter at higher concentrations of Pro–Ca, especially in the 200 mg·L−1 drench treatment. However, fresh weight (FW) and dry weights (DW) of runners in the 50 mg·L−1 Pro–Ca drench treatments were higher than controls. Foliar spray and drench treatments were more effective for runner plant production than the control; a greater number of runner plants were produced with the 100 and 150 mg·L−1 Pro–Ca foliar spray treatment and the 50 and 100 mg·L−1 drench treatment. The FW and DW of the first runner plant was not significantly different in all treatments, but DW of the second runner plant, and FW and DW of the third runner plant were greatest in the 50 mg·L−1 Pro–Ca drench treatment. These results suggested that growth and production of runner plants of Maehyang strawberry were greatest under the 50 mg·L−1 Pro–Ca drench treatment.
Highlights
Plant growth retardants (PGRs), like anti-gibberellins, have been used in agricultural industries for decades to improve the quality and quantity of horticultural crops [1,2]
The soil plant analysis development (SPAD) was significantly higher in Pro–Ca treatment groups than in the control group during the four-week period after treatment, especially in the foliar spray treatment with 200 mg·L−1 Pro–Ca (Figure 1C)
The present study revealed that inhibiting the growth of mother plants using drench application of Pro–Ca caused more sensitive responses compared to a foliar spray
Summary
Plant growth retardants (PGRs), like anti-gibberellins, have been used in agricultural industries for decades to improve the quality and quantity of horticultural crops [1,2]. Pro–Ca has various advantages over other PGRs; it has negligible toxicological effects on mammals and a short persistence period in plants and soil [7,8]. Pro–Ca application delays senescence by lowering ethylene production within plants [9], and enhances resistance to disease and insects by inhibiting the biosynthesis of phenol [10]. Pro–Ca is a gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis inhibitor, which is the co-substrate for dioxygenases catalyzing hydroxylations involved in the late stages of GA biosynthesis. The main target of Pro–Ca seems to be 3β-hydroxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes primarily the conversion of inactive GA20 /GA9 into highly active GA1 /GA4 in either the early 13-hydroxylated pathway or the early non-13-hydroxylation pathway, respectively [11,12,13]
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