Abstract
BackgroundFluensulfone is a new nematicide with an excellent profile of selective toxicity against plant parasitic nematodes. Here, its effects on the physiology and biochemistry of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida have been investigated and comparisons made with its effect on the life-span of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to provide insight into its mode of action and its selective toxicity. ResultsFluensulfone exerts acute effects (≤1h; ≥100μM) on stylet thrusting and motility of hatched second stage G. pallida juveniles (J2s). Chronic exposure to lower concentrations of fluensulfone (≥3days; ≤30μM), reveals a slowly developing metabolic insult in which G. pallida J2s sequentially exhibit a reduction in motility, loss of a metabolic marker for cell viability, high lipid content and tissue degeneration prior to death. These effects are absent in adults and dauers of the model genetic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ConclusionThe nematicidal action of fluensulfone follows a time-course which progresses from an early impact on motility through to an accumulating metabolic impairment, an inability to access lipid stores and death.
Highlights
Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) present a major burden on agriculture, with every crop plant grown vulnerable to infection by at least one nematode species [1]
The acute effects of fluensulfone on G. pallida behaviour were investigated to allow a comparison with C. elegans
This study confirms in vitro evidence for efficacy of fluensulfone against the potato cyst nematodes (PCN) G. pallida and the investigations across different concentrations and times of exposure of freshly hatched J2s to fluensulfone reveal high and low concentration effects on G. pallida behaviour and physiology that have not been previously reported
Summary
Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) present a major burden on agriculture, with every crop plant grown vulnerable to infection by at least one nematode species [1]. It is a contact nematicide that is used for protecting a range of crops from PPNs. The toxicity profile of fluensulfone is superior to anticholinesterase and fumigant nematicides [5] yet the mechanism of action of fluensulfone is currently unknown. The rod-shaped posture in the presence of fluensulfone is distinctive from that seen in the presence of organophosphate and carbamate nematicides, which cause a shrunken, “wavy” posture [8]. These observations are consistent with a novel mode of action for fluensulfone relative to other nematicides. Fluensulfone is a new nematicide with an excellent profile of selective toxicity against plant parasitic nematodes. Its effects on the physiology and biochemistry of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida have been investigated and comparisons made with its effect on the life-span of the freeliving nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to provide insight into its mode of action and its selective toxicity
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