Productivity of a Sargassum macrocarpum (Fucales, Phaeophyta) population in Fukawa Bay, Sea of Japan

Introduction. Oilseeds in the world occupy significant areas of production, their consumption is growing every year. The share of domestic oilseeds in total oilseeds production is significant, and domestic demand is stable with a tendency to increase. Therefore, the analysis of trends and vectors of development of the oilseeds market is a priority area of research of the modern agricultural market. Methods. Theoretical and methodological basis for the analysis of the oilseeds market, determining changes in the structure of production and export of oilseeds, factors influencing the further development of this market were scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the dynamics and development of the world market of oilseeds. In the course of research the following methods were used: system generalization, abstract-logical, analysis and synthesis, observation, comparison, graphic. Information base for analysis – production and economic indicators of gross production, exports, prices of sunflower, rapeseed, soybeans for 2014-2019. Results. The tendencies and changes of world and domestic production and export of sunflower, soybean, rape in the conditions of development of the agricultural markets during 2014-2019 are investigated. Changes of structure of production of oilseeds in the world and in Ukraine are revealed. Thus, there is a redistribution of the structure of world sunflower production between the leading countries, and world rapeseed production is declining. It is established that the share of Ukraine in the total structure of world production of oilseeds has increased: for sunflower from 26 to 28%, for rapeseed – from 3 to 4,8%, for soybeans – from 1,2 to 1,3%. Discussion. The analysis of the main trends that have formed in the world and domestic market of oilseeds, as well as the dynamics of changes in the structural ratios of production indicators of oilseeds provides an opportunity to assess and predict market conditions. Keywords: agricultural market, oilseeds, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, gross harvest, export.

The characteristics of productive structure and its seasonal changes were analyzed in the closed Sasa kurilensis community at Mt. Waisuhorun, 60km. W from Sapporo, Hokkaido, and in some other Sasa communities. Annual net production was also estimated in those Sasa communities.1. The S. kurilensis community showed a nearly constant standing crop of 11kg. dry weight/m.2 throughout the year. This means that the amount of newly produced part in each organ was almost equal to that of withered part.2. With the foliation of new leaves at the end of June, the 2-year-old leaves generally defoliated to keep the amount of whole leaves at a constant level of ca. 0.85kg. wet weight/m.2, or ca. 5 in leaf area index. Productive structure can rapidly recover after thawing from the inactive state in winter by strong elasticity of culms. These facts must play an important role for the large matter production and the large standing crop of the community.3. Relative light intensities under the Sasa community fall in a narrow range of 1-7%, the mean being 2-3%. Such low light intensities can prevent the invasion of other plant species.4. Dry weight of culms showed nearly a constant value, 7.5kg./m.2, throughout the year. The subterranean parts, however, varied in dry weight, i.e. the maximum of 4.2kg. in early November and minimum of 3.0kg. in mid-August. Culms, branches and rhizomes newly formed during the growing season were 390, 245 and 230g. dry weight/m.2, respectively. A linear relationship was observed between the diameter and the logarithm of dry weight of culms.5. The decrease of dry weight in culms and rhizomes, probably of reserved starch was recognized in late spring-early summer when the rapid growth occurred, and then increased till late autumn. Transformation factor from reserved substances into active organs appeared to be 0.5.6. Sasa kurilensis community kept its daily net production at fairly high level throughout the growing season, and a maximum of newly formed increment was about 11g./m.2/day. The annual net production was estimated to be 1.6kg./m.2/year.7. Productive structure and its seasonal variation were studied also in S. nipponica- and S. nikkoensis-communities. The latter could achieve almost the same amount of net production as that of the S. kurilensis community, in spite of the smaller standing crop.

Temporal changes in secondary production of a population of the subtidal sand snail Umbonium costatum in Hakodate Bay, northern Japan: importance of annual change in age structure

As we noted in the preceding chapters, the expansion of the American economy during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries combined with innovations in transportation, communications, and production technologies to yield manufacturing operations of unprecedented scale. The materials-analysis and quality-control laboratories that were established within many of these factories were among the first industrial employers of scientists and research personnel. Over time, these plant-level laboratories expanded and were supplemented by the foundation of central laboratories devoted to longer-term research. Although the development of much of the original testing and materials-analysis research was a response to changes in the structure of production, the expansion and elaboration of these activities reflect changes in the organizational structure of the firm. The development of these research facilities was associated with changes in the structure of the parent firm that expanded and diversified its activities and products and substituted intrafirm control of these activities for market control.

This paper examines changes in the firm-size and industrial structure of the private Australian construction industry that have occurred over the last two decades and assesses their causes and implications. The primary data source is ABS Construction Censuses. There has been significant change in the structure of production in the construction industry with a large decline in firm size and rapid growth of output and employment in the specialist sub-contractors segment. These changes are explained largely as a result of increased subcontracting and outsourcing by larger firms to smaller firms. The changes in firm-size and industrial structure have had an adverse effect on construction productivity; OH&S performance; skilled trade shortages and expenditures on innovation and R&D in the industry.

Revisiting drivers of energy intensity in China during 1997–2007: A structural decomposition analysis

To achieve a high logistical performance, adjustments in production structure are inevitable. The impact of structural changes however remains unclear. To investigate the effects of changes concerning production structure on logistical targets, the use of simulation models is possible. In this paper, we propose an approach for dynamically generating simulation models of production structures using structural and parametrical input data. The resulting model can be used to investigate various aspects and problems regarding production structure which is exemplified by a case study evaluating the performance of changes in production structure. The results are displayed in company specific characteristic curves showing the degree of logistic target achievement and the total amount of costs depending on a structural indicator.

Many of phenomena, their growth or trend, are dependent on the interactions between neighboring areas. Model of shift-share analysis represent a growth rate (rate of change) of the different options phenomenon by taking into account the phenomenon of increase in the neighbouring area. The aim of the study is to analyze the changes in the commodity structure of agricultural production in the European Union according to the selected types of agricultural products using of shifts share analysis. The study assesses the rate of change the size of the phenomenon and identified and estimated the share of structural, sectoral and regional (local spatial) in the size of the effect of the global (agricultural production in the European Union overall) in the EU countries.

Many of phenomena, their growth or trend, are dependent on the interactions between neighboring areas. Model of shift-share analysis represent a growth rate (rate of change) of the different options phenomenon by taking into account the phenomenon of increase in the neighbouring area. The aim of the study is to analyze the changes in the commodity structure of agricultural production in the European Union according to the selected types of agricultural products using of shifts share analysis. The study assesses the rate of change the size of the phenomenon and identified and estimated the share of structural, sectoral and regional (local spatial) in the size of the effect of the global (agricultural production in the European Union overall) in the EU countries.

The leading feature of the modern world has been the deep structural shifts caused by radical transformations of its industrial landscape. The corresponding transformations were caused by changes in the internal structure of national industrial sectors and were based on the technologies of the "fourth industrial revolution", whose emergence gave additional impetus to the structural transformation of the world economy, intensifying competition in global markets. The Covid crisis was a catalyst for accelerating changes in the intersectoral proportions of the world economy, complicating the existing structural problems. The study shows that the key feature of the model of structural changes that occurred in Ukraine's economy after the global financial crisis was the accelerated reduction of the industrial sector, especially the loss of potential of the processing industry, its technological simplification and narrowing the variety of industries. This was accompanied by increased dominance of the tertiary sector and the growth of the primary sector. Excessive share in the structure of production is occupied by industries, whose mode of reproduction is able to generate only relatively low rates of economic growth (mining and related industries of primary processing in industry and agriculture). Such a trend of structural shifts is not able to generate the necessary boost of economic growth, and much less so as it is burdened by the risks of deepening structural inconsistency of Ukraine’s economy with the cardinal changes taking place in the world economy. Comparison of parameters and trends of structural changes in Ukraine’s economy and in a comparable group of countries and the world as a whole shows that the changes in the structure of Ukraine’s economy were much higher, but did not create sufficient potential for sustainable economic growth. The author analyzes the gaps in labor productivity between economic activities and sectors of Ukraine’s economy, as well as changes in their dynamics, which leads to the conclusions about the relationship between the rates of technological development of different sectors of Ukraine’s economy and the gradual slowdown of the already imperfect technological development of this country’s industry with further loss of competitiveness. Estimated the degree of influence of such factors as investments and technological innovations, as well as shifts in the structure of employment on the increase of labor productivity in Ukraine’s economy. Using the apparatus of econometric modeling, the author evaluates the dependence of the dynamics of GDP growth on the change of the indices of the physical volume of GVA in the sectors of this country’s economy.

The leading feature of the modern world has been the deep structural shifts caused by radical transformations of its industrial landscape. The corresponding transformations were caused by changes in the internal structure of national industrial sectors and were based on the technologies of the "fourth industrial revolution", whose emergence gave additional impetus to the structural transformation of the world economy, intensifying competition in global markets. The Covid crisis was a catalyst for accelerating changes in the intersectoral proportions of the world economy, complicating the existing structural problems. The study shows that the key feature of the model of structural changes that occurred in Ukraine's economy after the global financial crisis was the accelerated reduction of the industrial sector, especially the loss of potential of the processing industry, its technological simplification and narrowing the variety of industries. This was accompanied by increased dominance of the tertiary sector and the growth of the primary sector. Excessive share in the structure of production is occupied by industries, whose mode of reproduction is able to generate only relatively low rates of economic growth (mining and related industries of primary processing in industry and agriculture). Such a trend of structural shifts is not able to generate the necessary boost of economic growth, and much less so as it is burdened by the risks of deepening structural inconsistency of Ukraine’s economy with the cardinal changes taking place in the world economy. Comparison of parameters and trends of structural changes in Ukraine’s economy and in a comparable group of countries and the world as a whole shows that the changes in the structure of Ukraine’s economy were much higher, but did not create sufficient potential for sustainable economic growth. The author analyzes the gaps in labor productivity between economic activities and sectors of Ukraine’s economy, as well as changes in their dynamics, which leads to the conclusions about the relationship between the rates of technological development of different sectors of Ukraine’s economy and the gradual slowdown of the already imperfect technological development of this country’s industry with further loss of competitiveness. Estimated the degree of influence of such factors as investments and technological innovations, as well as shifts in the structure of employment on the increase of labor productivity in Ukraine’s economy. Using the apparatus of econometric modeling, the author evaluates the dependence of the dynamics of GDP growth on the change of the indices of the physical volume of GVA in the sectors of this country’s economy.

Significant changes in economic structure take place during the process of development. In this paper we concentrate on changes in the nature of interdependence in production summarized in input–output tables. The analysis is based on a sample of 83 input–output tables from 30 countries over the period 1950–75. We first compare measures of sectoral interdependence across countries and over time, and then estimate the average pattern of change in the structure of intermediate use of output with the level of development. Changes in intermediate use are traced back to changes in technology and compositional effects.

In the present paper, we analyse the determinants of employment growth in V4 countries. While a standard approach relies on the parametric estimation of labour elasticity coefficients, we employ a novel approach based on structural decomposition analysis. This allows us to identify several determinants which mitigate the effects of economic growth on employment. We decompose the overall change in employment into the contribution of six factors: changes in labour productivity, changes in the import of intermediate products, changes in the structure of production, changes in the final demand structure by industries and by sectors, and a change in final demand volume. We show that besides the generally accepted influence of labour productivity growth on employment, other factors such as structural changes and changes in final demand played an important role in employment changes. These results shed some light on low labour elasticity in V4 countries and go beyond the simple labour productivity growth argument.

The importance of agrarian question in India can be seen from the fact that more than 60% of the population is living in rural areas and is dependent upon agriculture for their livelihood. The question also holds immense importance if we examine it by relating to the imperialist strategy, globalisation and neoliberal policies. Hardly any comprehensive attempt has been made to examine the impact of national and international policies on production structure and class composition in rural areas. No doubt, economists have tried to understand the causes of agricultural growth and then the stagnation in production and productivity experienced over the period. But the real causes of such changes have remained unanswered. An understanding of changes in the production relations and class composition requires the institutional understating of social-political relations at the village level and changes therein over a period. Taking Punjab as a case study, this study is an attempt to highlight the real causes of changes in the production structure and production relations being caused by the growth of capitalism in agriculture and their consequences.

China is important in the global mercury (Hg) cycle and is experiencing substantial economic structure transitions. There are pronounced differences in economic development, industrial structure, and consumption patterns across regions in China. However, the impacts of regional economic structure transitions (i.e., production and final demand structures) on Hg emissions in China remain unknown. Here, we reveal the transboundary impacts of changes in regional economic structures on provincial Hg emissions in China. We found that the transitions of production and final demand structures in coastal regions led to Hg emission reductions in China during 2007–2017. In particular, production structure changes in East Coast contributed to 36 metric tons of national Hg emission reduction, where 28 metric tons occurred in other regions (especially Hebei). Its final demand structure transition contributed to 19 metric tons of national emission reduction, where 15 metric tons occurred in other regions (especially Henan). Unfortunately, production structure changes in Northwest and final demand structure changes in Southwest contributed to Hg emission increments in China during 2007–2017. For instance, changes in the final demand structure of Southwest caused 34 metric tons of emission increments, mainly from provinces within the region. Thus, spatially explicit measures for China's Hg emission control can focus on the optimizations of production structure in Northwest and final demand structure in Southwest, as well as the promotion of interregional joint actions between East Coast and North China (especially Hebei and Henan). The findings of this study can inform region‐specific policy decisions and interregional joint efforts to control Hg emissions around the world.