Production of various phenolic aldehyde compounds using the 4CL-FCHL biosynthesis platform

Abstract

Vanillin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) is one of the most important flavoring substances used in the cosmetic and food industries. Feruloyl-CoA hydratase/lyase (FCHL) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of vanillin from feruloyl-CoA. In this study, we report kinetic parameters and biochemical properties of FCHL from Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6 (SpFCHL). Also, the crystal structures of an apo-form of SpFCHL and two complexed forms with acetyl-CoA and vanillin/CoA was present. Comparing the apo structure to its complexed forms of SpFCHL, a gate loop with an “open and closed” role was observed at the entrance of the substrate-binding site. With vanillin and CoA complexed to SpFCHL, we captured a conformational change in the feruloyl moiety-binding pocket that repositions the catalytic SpFCHLE146 and other key residues. This binding pocket does not tightly fit the vanillin structure, suggesting substrate promiscuity of this enzyme. This observation is in good agreement with assay results for phenylpropanoid-CoAs and indicates important physicochemical properties of the substrate for the hydratase/lyase reaction mechanism. In addition, we showed that various phenolic aldehydes could be produced using the 4CL-FCHL biosynthesis platform.