Producción de biofermentos utilizando mantillos orgánicos elaborados con residuos agroindustriales de caña y su evaluación en el cultivo de caña en invernadero

Effect of filter press mud (FPM) application on nutrient availability in Aquert and Fluvent soils at Wonji-Shoa Sugarcane Plantation, located at central part of the East African Rift Valley, was studied during the 2003/04 growing season. The rate of FPM application was 0, 60 and 120 ton/h. Field monitoring was made for ninety days. As per the management practice of the Sugar Estate, the Aquert soil was green manured with Crotalarea junceae prior to the treatment application. Soil samples were collected and analyzed every fortnight for organic carbon (OC) and available N. Available P, exchangeable bases, Fe, and Mn content of the soil were monitored at the beginning and end of the experiment. Incorporation of FPM significantly increased the OC content in both soils. Nonetheless, the accumulation of OC was more in Aquert than Fluvent soils, due to the initial higher OC obtained from Crotalatea j., higher clay content and moist condition of the Aquert soil. The application of FPM promoted the available N though the availability of N ion, however, in both soils, the content declined during the first 45 days after application. Gradually, significant increase in the available N was observed (starting from 45th day of application up to the 90th day). This indicates that FPM having C/N ratio of 27 resulted in priming effect. The trend analysis made indicated that proportional increase in available P can be obtained with increasing rate of FPM application, though available K was found to be lower in FPM treated soils. The application of FPM buffered (reduced) the soil pH to 7.6. The highest rate of FPM application (120 ton/ha) slightly improved the soil electrical conductivity (EC). Furthermore, the study indicated that the application of FPM had the ability to reduce the soils exchangeable Na content. Thus, FPM has the potential to amend sodicity and abnormal pH of soils. However, it was noted that the application of FPM had reduced Fe/Mn ratio indicating its possible ability to slow down or reduce Fe uptake by plants. Therefore, prior checking for available K and Fe has to be made to ensure unnecessary consequences on sugarcane plants.

Mint is an important medicinal herb that is cultivated in different parts of the world. In order to investigate the effects of salinity stress on morphological characteristics of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.), an experiment was conducted in 2013, based on complete randomized design, under hydroponic conditions, at Research Greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Treatments were five salinity levels (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM of sodium chloride) with four replications. Growth medium was 2:1 cocopeat to perlite, and complete nutrients solution was used. Supplying plants’ nutrients was twice a week along the irrigation water application. When plants’ height was 30 cm, salinity treatments were applied and were continued till full flowering. At the end of the experiment, morphologic traits including plant height, number of main stems, number of lateral branches, leaf area, specific leaf weight, stem diameter, number of nodes, fourth internode length, and spike length were measured. Results showed that salinity stress had significant effects on leaf area, fresh and dry weights of leaf, stem and root, plant height, number of lateral branches, number of nodes, fourth internode length, and spike length. The highest leaf area, leaf dry weight, plant height and number of lateral branches were observed in control treatment. The lowest leaf area and leaf dry weight were obtained in salinity level of 120 mM, and the lowest plant height and number of lateral branches were observed in salinity levels of 90 mM and 120 mM. Salinity had no significant effect on fresh weight of shoot to root ratio, fresh weight of leaf to root ratio, specific weight of leaves, number of main stems and stem diameter. According to the results, it appears that spearmint is sensitive to salinity stress and it can't tolerate salinity levels higher than 30 mM sodium chloride.

شوری یکی از تنش­های محیطی است که سبب اختلال در جذب یون‌های ضروری و درنتیجه محدودیت در رشد گیاهان می­شود. کاهش رشد یک نوع سازگاری برای زنده ماندن گیاه در شرایط تنش است.در سالیان اخیر ماده آلی بیوچار به دلیل کاربرد آن در اصلاح خاک بسیار موردتوجه قرار گرفته است. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر بیوچار بر خصوصیات رشدی، غلظت سدیم و پتاسیم گیاه مرزه تابستانه (Satureja hortensis L.) آزمایشی گلدانی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار در گلخانه گروه باغبانی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال 1396 اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل ماده آلی بیوچار در سه سطح (0، 1 و 2 درصد وزنی خاک هر گلدان) و آبیاری با آب‌شور در 3 سطح شوری (0، 40، 80 میلی­مولار کلرید سدیم) بود. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که اثرات متقابل شوری و کاربرد بیوچار بر خصوصیات رشدی موردمطالعه معنی­دار بود. مقایسه میانگین داده­ها نشان داد که بیشترین ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه فرعی، تعداد گره، قطر ساقه، وزن تر و خشک ساقه، وزن تر و خشک برگ در تیمار کاربرد 2 درصد بیوچار بدون شوری مشاهده شد. همچنین با افزایش غلظت نمک، میزان سدیم برگ مرزه افزایش یافت و از میزان پتاسیم و نسبت پتاسیم به سدیم آن کاسته شد. به‌طورکلی، شوری با اختلال در میزان جذب پتاسیم و کاهش نسبت پتاسیم به سدیم گیاه سبب کاهش صفات رشدی موردمطالعه در مرزه گردید و بیوچار با جذب یون‌های نمک سبب بهبود صفات رشدی مرزه تابستانه در تیمارهای شوری گردید.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus cv. Arka Anamika) is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops in the tropics during the spring, summer, and Kharif seasons. One of the major constraints of low productivity of okra and soil deterioration is due to the inappropriate and sole use of synthetic fertilizer. So, to address the yield gap, an experiment was conducted in Gokuleshwor, Baitadi Nepal from 23rd March to 15th July 2021 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on growth, and yield and soil nutrient status in okra". The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 8 treatments and 3 replication T8 gave maximum plant height (37.21 cm), stem diameter (4.04 cm), numbers of leaves (14.33), and a number of pods (8.07) and minimum plant height (23.18 cm) and a number of leaves (9.00) were observed in T3 whereas minimum steam diameter (2.87cm) a and number of pods (2.87) were observed in T6. It was observed that treatment T8 produced a maximum yield (2.10 kg) and treatment T3 produces the minimum yield (1.24 kg). Highest post-harvest available nitrogen (0.1167%), phosphorus (85.20 kg/ha), potassium (229.61 kg/ha), organic matter (2.31%) and pH (6.25) was found in treatment T8. This study suggests integrating vermicompost and synthetic fertilizer as a potential source for better growth, and high yield of okra thus more experiments on dosage optimization and SSNM should be focused onwards for long term sustainability.

This study was conducted in Wiringpalenna village, Tempe sub-district of Wajo district, with the aim to determine the effect of the type of organic matter on the growth and production of pakchoy plants. The study was arranged based on a Randomized Block Design with five treatments namely: without organic matter, chicken manure, Blotong (Filter press mud), bokashi common water hyacinth, bokashi rice straw. The results showed that from variables tested; plant height, the number of leaves, the width of leaves, fresh weight of plants, fresh weight of plants per plot, and fresh weight per hectare, treatment with bokashi common water hyacinth obtained the best result

Traditionally, biochar is generally proposed to substitute Canadian Sphagnum peat moss. Sugarcane bagasse, filter press mud and sugarcane bagasse ash were mixed in different ratios and proposed as an alternative to substitute commercial Sphagnum peat moss (SPM) for the soilless cultivation of tomato (S. lycopersicum Linnaeus). The choice of the agroindustrial waste ratio was performed from physical-chemical sample characterization. During vegetable production, an adequate ratio was evaluated based on plant height, substrate pH, number of leaves, yield, and fruit size. The addition of essential macro- and micro-nutrients was performed manually. The results show that as-received materials contain different minerals with a structure that corresponds to the quartz, cristobalite, and feldspar phases. A morphology composed of lamellate structures was observed for sugarcane bagasse, whereas the filter press mud and the sugarcane bagasse ash presented compact agglomerates with a surface area of 1.60, 3.78, and 1.07 m2 g−1, respectively. The properties of each component promote the water adsorption, retention and releasing capacity. Important differences were observed as the quantity of filter press mud increased, but also it is required an amount of sugarcane bagasse above of 18 wt% to reach a superior performance. This work demonstrated that, in adequate quantities, agroindustrial wastes can be used as a soilless substrate for growing tomatoes in greenhouse, reducing their disposal problems.

امروزه روش‌های مختلفی برای کاهش اثرات منفی غلظت بالای فلزات سنگین موجود در خاک، استفاده می‌شود. در این راستا، استفاده از بیوچار، روش نسبتا جدیدی جهت کاهش سمیت فلزات سنگین می‌باشد. در این مطالعه، به منظور بررسی تأثیر بیوچار باگاس نیشکر بر بهبود رشد گیاه ذرت در خاک‌ آلوده به کادمیوم و سرب، آزمایشی گلدانی در قالب طرح پایه بلوکهای کامل تصادفی انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل دو سطح کاربرد بیوچار باگاس نیشکر (0 و 4 درصد وزنی) و دو سطح آلودگی فلز سنگین (کادمیوم 50 و 100 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک و سرب 500 و 1000 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک) با کاشت گیاه ذرت بود؛ که در دو آزمایش جداگانه برای دو عنصر کادمیوم و سرب انجام شده است. نتایج نشان داد که افزایش کاربرد تیمارهای کادمیوم و سرب، غلظت این دو عنصر در اندام هوایی و ریشه گیاه ذرت را شدیدا افزایش داده و وزن خشک اندام هوایی و ریشه را به ترتیب بین 40 تا 50 درصد و بین 60 تا 70 درصد کاهش داد. همچنین افزایش کاربرد کادمیوم و سرب میزان کلروفیل، سطح برگ، ارتفاع گیاه و وزن خشک ریشه و اندام هوایی را به صورت معنی‌داری کاهش داد. اما کاربرد بیوچار باگاس نیشکر در اثر کاهش شدید غلظت کادمیوم و سرب در ریشه و اندام هوایی موجب افزایش کلروفیل، سطح برگ، ارتفاع گیاه و وزن خشک ریشه و اندام هوایی گردید. کاربرد 4 درصد بیوچار باگاس نیشکر، منجر به کاهش ضریب انتقال و فاکتور تجمع زیستی این عنصر در گیاه ذرت نسبت به تیمار متناظر گردید. نتایج بدست آمده بیانگر توان بیوچار باگاس نیشکر در تثبیت و غیر قابل جذب کردن سرب و کادمیوم در خاک بود.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Daniella wood Biochar on the growth and biomass of maize harvested 8 weeks after sowing in a pot experiment. The research was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of Daniella wood biochar on the growth and biomass of maize and the effects of Daniella wood biochar on the physiochemical properties of the soil. Pots were filled with 5 kg of normal soil (oxisol) and biochar was thoroughly mixed with the soil and six treatments were applied (4, 8, 12. 16 and 20 tha-1 of biochar and control). The treatments were replicated three times. The experiments were laid out in a complete randomized design (CRD). Data on growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, fresh biomass weight and dry biomass weight were collected. Soil samples incorporated with daniella wood biochar were collected before planting and after harvest for determination of physiochemical properties of the samples. Application of 12 tha-1 produced significantly (P<0.01) higher plant height (142.2 cm) wider Leaf area (538.0 cm2 ), higher fresh biomass weight (221.4 gpot-1 ), dry biomass weight (79.9 gpot-1 ), fresh shoot weight (140.0 g), dry shoot weight (53.7 gpot-1 ), fresh leaf weight (81.4 gpot-1) and dry leaf weight (32.5 gpot-1) while 20 tha-1produced highly significant number of leaves (17) and wider stem diameter (1.63 cm). In conclusion, it was established that the application of 12tha- Daniella wood biochar generally increases maize growth parameters (plant height, leaf area, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight and plant biomass weight), while 20 tha-1 increases the leaf production and stem diameter of the crop. Key words: Biochar, maize, growth, biomass and oxisols. &nbsp

به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر کودهای آلی (اسید هیومیک و عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست) بر خصوصیات رشدی، مورفولوژیکی و فیتوشیمیایی مرزه خوزستانی (Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad.) آزمایشی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی شرکت دارویی خرمان در شهرستان خرم آباد در بهار 1392 به‌ صورت فاکتوریل در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای مورد بررسی شامل سه غلظت 5، 10و 15 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست و مقادیر 5/1، 5/2 و 5/3 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک بودند که به صورت محلول‌پاشی مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. فاکتورهای مورد بررسی شامل، ارتفاع بوته، تاج بوته، طول و عرض برگ، عملکرد وزن خشک اندام هوایی، عملکرد وزن خشک برگ، بازده اسانس، عملکرد اسانس، محتوای فنل و فلاونوئید کل بودند. تیمارهای مختلف اسید هیومیک و عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست بر صفات مورفولوژیکی (ارتفاع بوته، تاج بوته، طول و عرض برگ) در طی چهار مرحله نمونه‌برداری قبل از گلدهی تأثیر معنی‌دار نداشتند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار وزن خشک اندام هوایی (460 گرم در متر‌مربع)، وزن خشک برگ (33/195 گرم در متر‌مربع) و عملکرد اسانس (38/6 گرم در متر‌مربع) در تیمار 5/3 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک و غلظت 20 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست به‌دست آمد، که با تیمار شاهد اختلاف معنی‌داری را نشان داد. بیشترین درصد اسانس (43/3 درصد) در تیمار 5/1 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک و غلظت 20 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست دیده شد. تیمار 5/2 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک و غلظت 5 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست با (56/46 میکروگرم گالیک اسید در میلی‌گرم عصاره خشک) و تیمار 5/3 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک و غلظت 5 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست با (13/749 میکروگرم روتین در میلی گرم عصاره خشک) به ترتیب بیشترین تأثیر را بر محتوای فنل و فلاونوئید داشتند. به نظر می‌رسد مصرف مقادیر مناسب از اسید ‌هیومیک و عصاره‌ ورمی‌کمپوست با افزایش مواد آلی خاک، از طریق بهبود فعالیت‌های میکروبی خاک و نیز فراهمی جذب بیشتر عناصر غذایی، سبب افزایش میزان فتوسنتز و ماده خشک گیاهی می‌گردد و در بین تیمار‌های بررسی شده، تیمار 5/3 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک و غلظت 20 درصد عصاره ورمی‌کمپوست به عنوان یکی از بهترین تیمار شناخته شد.

In contemporary agriculture, the emerging paradigm is to reduce or eliminate the use of synthetic fertilizers that adversely impact the environment. The use of composts constitutes a strategy to improve the efficiency of nutrition with reduced amounts of synthetic fertilizers. The objective of the research was to determine the capacity of vermicompost to reduce synthetic fertilization used in jalapeño pepper cultivation. A randomized block design with six treatments and six repetitions was used. The variables evaluated were plant height, stem diameter, leaf greenness index, leaf area index, dry biomass production per plant and fruit yield. The treatments that combined the application of 10 t ha-1 of vermicompost with 25 (T4), 50 (T3) and 75% of synthetic fertilizers (T2) induced effects on plant height, stem diameter, leaf greenness and leaf area index, like those obtained with the control treatment, with 100% synthetic fertilization (T1). However, the average effect of T2, T3 and T4 was to increase the dry weight per plant by 113.6%, the number of fruits per plant by 72.1%, the total yield by 100.6% and the yield of large-sized fruits by 21.3%, compared to the effect of the control treatment (T1). The application of 10 t ha-1 of vermicompost to the soil enables the reduction of synthetic fertilizers, from 25 to 75%, in jalapeño pepper grown under shade house conditions.

Controlling plant height is an important practice in the ornamental plant industry. With high cost of growth regulators and concern about their environmental aspects and health of workers, alternative ways of controlling growth may be advantageous. Objective was to determine effect of photoselective shadecloth and plastic film on growth of `Barbara', `Shasta', and `Chesapeake' mums under supplemental lighting. In experiment 1, `Barbara' plants (two and four weeks old) were placed under either wide spectrum fluorescent lamps and incandescent light bulbs (control) or lights covered with photoselective shadecloth. In experiment 2, 3-week-old `Shasta' and `Chesapeake' plants were placed under lights or lights covered with photoselective plastic film. Effect of shadecloth differed with age of `Barbara' plants. For 1-month-old plants placed under lights, stem diameter, stem dry weight, and root dry weight were reduced under shadecloth compared to control. No differences were observed for plant height, pot height, leaf number, leaf area/plant, and leaf dry weight. For 2-week-old plants, leaf number, leaf area/plant, leaf dry weight, and stem dry weight were less under shadecloth than control. No effects on plant height, pot height, stem diameter, and root dry weight were observed. Plastic film reduced plant height and pot height for `Shasta' and `Chesapeake' plants and reduced stem dry weight and total plant dry weight for `Shasta'. No differences were seen for other growth measurements. This study indicated photoselective shadecloth did not control height of `Barbara' and its effect on growth was influenced by plant age. Photoselective plastic film controlled height of `Shasta' and `Chesapeake' and offers an alternative method for growth control of mum plants.

<p>Eco farming fertilizers and vermicompost are very important in plant cultivation because they can affect plant growth and reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers. Various ways continue to be developed in order to create quality organic fertilizers so that red chili (Capsicum annum L.) plants can grow well. This study aims to determine the effect of giving eco farming fertilizers and vermicompost on red chili plant growth, knowing the right dose of eco farming fertilizer on red chili plants, and knowing the interaction between eco farming fertilizers and vermicompost on red chili plant growth. The experimental design used was factorial RAK with two factors, namely the provision of vermicompost (V) consisting of 3 levels, namely V0 (0g/polybag), V1 (25g/polybag), and V2 (50g/polybag). Eco farming fertilizer consists of 3 levels, namely E0 (0ml mixed fertilizer/polybag), E1 (25ml mixed starter/polybag), and E2 (50ml mixed starter/polybag). Parameters observed were plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm) and root volume (ml). The results showed that the application of eco farming fertilizer on the growth of red chili (Capsicum annum L.) gave no significant effect on plant parameters (cm), stem diameter (mm) and root volume (ml). Meanwhile, the application of vermicompost on the growth of red chili (Capsicum annum L.) had no significant effect on the parameters of plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm) and root volume (ml). The best treatment was giving a dose of 50% vermicompost and 50 ml eco farming fertilizer. The interaction of the application of eco farming fertilizer and vermicompost showed no significant effect on all observed parameters.</p>

This study was carried out at two locations in Sulaimani governorate, Qlyasan and Kanipanka, during the winter season of 2017-2018 to evaluate the response of four lines of Grass pea Lathyrus sativus (IF 003, IF 133, IF 102, IF 067) lines and four seeding rates (80kg/h, 100kg/h, 120kg/h, 140kg/h). The experiment was conducted at (December 5th /2018) in Kanipanka and (December 6th /2018) at Qlyasan. The design of factorial experiment RCBD with three replications was conducted. Means comparison was carried out by the least significant difference (L.S.D) at a significant level of 5%. The results confirmed that the grass pea lines, as the average of both locations there were highly significant differences among lines due to plant height, days to %50 flowering, leaf dry weight, and number of bacterial nodules/plant, but significant differences were observed for the character stem dry weight... It was noticed that the effect of locations on growth and forage characters for grass pea was highly significant for the days to maturity, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf stem ratio and number of bacterial nodules/plant, while it was significant for the character plant height. It was indicated that the second location recorded the highest value for plant height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf stem ratio and number of bacterial nodules/plant with 60.080cm, 1.970g, 1.850g, 2.600 and 16.390 respectively. At the average of both locations there were differences highly significant among lines due to days to maturity, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf stem ratio and number of bacterial nodules/plant. Line number IF067 produced the highest value for days to maturity and stem dry weight and number of bacterial nodules/plant with 155.6 days, 4.990 g and 14.27 respectively. The effect of seeding rate on seed yield and it is components for grass pea at the average of both locations and there was highly significant for the number of pod/plant, seed yield, biological yield, and harvest index significant for 100 seed weight. As the average of both locations using 140 kg/h seeds produced maximum values for the most characters.

This study was carried out at two locations in Sulaimani governorate, Qlyasan and Kanipanka, during the winter season of 2017-2018 to evaluate the response of four lines of Grass pea Lathyrus sativus (IF 003, IF 133, IF 102, IF 067) lines and four seeding rates (80kg/h, 100kg/h, 120kg/h, 140kg/h). The experiment was conducted at (December 5th /2018) in Kanipanka and (December 6th /2018) at Qlyasan. The design of factorial experiment RCBD with three replications was conducted. Means comparison was carried out by the least significant difference (L.S.D) at a significant level of 5%. The results confirmed that the grass pea lines, as the average of both locations there were highly significant differences among lines due to plant height, days to %50 flowering, leaf dry weight, and number of bacterial nodules/plant, but significant differences were observed for the character stem dry weight... It was noticed that the effect of locations on growth and forage characters for grass pea was highly significant for the days to maturity, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf stem ratio and number of bacterial nodules/plant, while it was significant for the character plant height. It was indicated that the second location recorded the highest value for plant height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf stem ratio and number of bacterial nodules/plant with 60.080cm, 1.970g, 1.850g, 2.600 and 16.390 respectively. At the average of both locations there were differences highly significant among lines due to days to maturity, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf stem ratio and number of bacterial nodules/plant. Line number IF067 produced the highest value for days to maturity and stem dry weight and number of bacterial nodules/plant with 155.6 days, 4.990 g and 14.27 respectively. The effect of seeding rate on seed yield and it is components for grass pea at the average of both locations and there was highly significant for the number of pod/plant, seed yield, biological yield, and harvest index significant for 100 seed weight. As the average of both locations using 140 kg/h seeds produced maximum values for the most characters.

The effects of feeding on leaves by adult Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and flooding on leaf gas exchange [net CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (E), and stomatal conductance (gs)], plant growth (root, stem, leaf, and total plant dry weights, stem diameter, and plant height) and adult host plant preference (feeding damage and oviposition) were determined on mahogany, Swietenia mahagoni Jacq., and pond apple, Annona glabra L., trees in outdoor screen cages. Flooding reduced leaf gas exchange, plant growth, and D. abbreviatus feeding damage of mahogany trees. Leaf gas exchange of infested and non-infested trees of both mahogany and pond apple were similar except for one measurement date for mahogany. Leaf dry weights were greater for non-infested than infested mahogany trees. There was no effect of infestation on dry weights of pond apple trees. Based on feeding injury to leaves, adults preferred non-flooded to flooded mahogany trees. The lack of res...