Processing of pronouns with gender-inclusive –x in Spanish: An eye-tracking study

Preface Ch 1. Introduction The Millennium and Two Essential Ingredients Unique Structures Suggestions for Using the Book Outline of the Chapters PART I: A PRACTITIONER'S AWARENESS OF HER OWN WORLDVIEW Ch 2. Intrapersonal Communication (Inner Dialogue) Intrapersonal Communication and Values, Beliefs, and Biases Intrapersonal Communication and Ethnocentrism Ch 3. Assessment of a Practitioner's Values, Beliefs, and Biases Barriers to an Individual's Self-Assessment of Her Own Values, Beliefs, and Biases Awareness of Inner Experience Self-Assessment of Values, Beliefs, and Biases The Impact of a Practitioner's Values, Beliefs, and Biases on Assessing and Treating Clients PART II: A PRACTITIONER'S AWARENESS OF SYSTEMATIC OPRESSION/PRIVILEGE AND INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION/PRIVILEGE Ch 4: Racism Race and Racism Social Categorization Theory Variations Within and Among Races Racism and Racial Prejudice and Inappropriate Thinking Styles/Patterns Strategies for and Benefits of Dismantling Racism and Racial Prejudice for Whites A Practitioner's Assessment of Self in Relation to White Oppression/Privilege Ch 5. Sexism Difference Among Sex, Gender, and Sexism Social Construction of Gender Social Comparison Theory Systematic Oppression/Privilege and Internalized Oppression/Privilege The Intersection of Gender and Race Variations Among Men, Among Women, and Between Men and Women Sexism and Inappropriate Thinking Styles/Patterns Strategies for and Benefits of Dismantling Sexism A Practitioner's Assessment of Self in Relation to Sexism, Systematic Oppression/Privilege and Internalized Oppression/Privilege Ch 6. Heterosexism Difference Among Sexual Orientation, Homophobia, and Heterosexism Social Construction of Heterosexism Intersections of Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Systematic Oppression/Privilege and Internalized Privilege/Oppression Intersections of Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Systematic Oppression/Privilege and Internalized Oppression/Privilege Variations Within and Among Nonheterosexuals Heterosexism or Homophobia and Inappropriate Thinking Styles/Patterns Strategies for and Benefits of Dismantling Heterosexism A Practitioner's Assessment of Self in Relation to Heterosexism, Systematic Oppression/Privilege, and Internalized Oppression/Privilege Ch 7. Classism A Definition of Class and Classism Social Construction of Classism Systematic Oppression/Privilege and Internalized Oppression/Privilege Intersections of Race, Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Class Variations Within and Among Classes Classism and Inappropriate Thinking Styles/Patterns Strategies for and Benefits of Dismantling Classism A Practitioner's Assessment of Self in Relation to Classism, Systematic Oppression/Privilege and Internalized Oppression/Privilege Ch 8. Ableism Difference Between Disability and Ableism Social Construction of Ableism Systematic Oppression/Privilege and Internalized Oppression/Privilege Intersections of Impairment/Disability, Race, Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Class Variations Within and Among Individuals With Impairment/Disability Ableism and Inappropriate Thinking Styles/Patterns Strategies for and Benefits of Dismantling Ableism A Practitioner's Assessment of Self in Relation to Ableism, Systematic Oppression/Privilege and Internalized Oppression/Privilege Ch 9. Other Isms Due to Age, Language, Religion, and Region Other Isms Social Construction of Isms Systematic Oppression/Privilege and Internalized Oppression/Privilege Intersections of Race, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Class, Impairment/Disability, and Other Identities Variations Within and Among Age, Language, Religion, and Region Other Isms and Inappropriate Thinking Styles/Patterns Strategies for and Benefits of Dismantling Isms A Practitioner's Assessment of Self in Relation to Other Isms, Systematic Oppression/Privilege, and Internalized Oppression/Privilege Ch 10. Deconstructing Inappropriate Hierarchical, Dichotomous, and Linear Thinking Styles/Patterns Reasons for Change Deconstructing Through Transformative Learning Internalized Oppression/Privilege and Thinking Styles/Patterns Diligent and Mindful Practice Transformation at the Institutional Level PART III: A PRACTITIONER'S AWARENESS OF THE CLIENT'S WORLDVIEW Ch 11. Identity Development Identity Development Models of Identity Development for Nondominant Monoracial Groups Models of Identity Development for Biracial and Multiracial Groups Models of Identity Development for Whites Models of Identity Development for Gays and Lesbians Variations Among and Within Racial Groups Similarities and Differences Between Dominant Group and Nondominant Group Identity Development Ch 12. Multiple Identities Challenges of Assessing Multiple Identities Fluidity of Identity Development Ch 13. Culturally Appropriate Assessment Foundations for Accurate Assessment Assessment in Relation to Race, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Class, Disability/Impairment, Age, Language, Religion, Region, and Their Multiple Intersections Assessment of the Intersections of Multiple Identities (Race, Gender, Class, Sexual Orientation, Impairment/Disability, Age, Language, Religion, and Region) Rating Scales for Thinking Styles, Multiple Identities, Dominant Identities Rating Scale for Acculturation The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and Its Appropriateness as an Assessment Tool for Multicultural Populations ACA, APA, and NASW Ethics Codes and Cultural Sensitivity Ch 14. Culturally Appropriate Treatment/Healing Culturally Appropriate Treatment To Be a Multiculturally Competent Practitioner Experiental Learning Through Case Studies About the Author

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Position Statement and Guideline: Infant Feeding and Lactation-Related Language and Gender.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) individuals face social, economic, legal, health, and health care–related disparities amid evolving threats to sociopolitical advances made in the last decade ([1][1],[2][2]). In response, organizations, including the National Institutes of

LGBTQ cultural competence for pharmacists

About the Contributors

Chief complaint: “I feel like I have the brain of a man. Am I crazy?” On her first visit to a psychiatrist ( J.M.B.), “Ms. C,” a 48year-old woman, asked this question about her confused gender identity. Having also discovered a primary sexual attraction to women, Ms. C was having difficulty reconciling her church’s injunctions against sinful homosexual activities with her sense of herself as fundamentally male. She was dressed in a subtly frilly blouse and leather jacket she called “my leather-and-lace look.” Encircling each wrist were tattooed bracelets, traceries of curlicues and rosebuds that gently contradicted pearl earrings and a delicate gold locket. Born in the early 1950s and raised resolutely as a girl, Ms. C did not learn until she was 23 and married the unusual circumstances of her birth. Her mother finally divulged that she had entered the world with strange-looking genitals—neither male nor female. Doctors told her parents it was best to remove the odd tissue, fashion what remained to look female, and raise her as if nothing unusual had happened. At 6 months, surgeons removed both external tissue and presumed intra-abdominal testicular tissue and fashioned labia around the vaginal entrance she had always had. In grade school, she was told her large abdominal scar resulted from herniorrhaphy. At 12, after starting daily estrogen pills to induce puberty, she developed breasts and feminine curves, although without menarche or an increase in height beyond 5 feet. Her mother said she could not have children but did not explain why. She recalls being a tomboy who preferred boys for playmates. Because of her small stature and feminine appearance, however, boys were not particularly comfortable hanging out with her. Then, as now, she identified with the way males think rather than a sense of being physically male. She dated boys in high school, had a sexual experience with a woman during college, and married a man with whom she enjoyed satisfying marital relations for nearly two decades until they experienced a menage a trois. Her husband fell in love with the other woman, and she kindled awareness of her greater attraction to women than men. The marriage ended, and she embarked upon two long-term lesbian relationships and a struggle with alcoholism. Ms. C found sobriety and her church while that second relationship was unraveling. Welcomed and spiritually nurtured by church members, she felt happy except for increasing discontent with her pastor’s insistence that homosexual desires were her “cross to bear” and her options were either heterosexual marriage or celibacy. On one hand, her personal theology concurred that homosexuality was against God’s plan. On the other, she struggled with identifying herself as either man or woman, a dilemma her pastor could not solve. Ms. C’s childhood medical records had been lost. The psychiatrist asked if she had been karyotyped, given her unusual birth. She did not know. When she was born, chromosome testing was not routinely available. Given medical advice to raise her unquestioningly as a girl, the issue had not resurfaced. The psychiatrist suggested the test, and when results revealed 45,X/ 46,XY chromosomes, 75% the latter, the fragments—the childhood operation, hormones, her short stature, “brain of a man”—fell into place. She immediately reported feeling “less of a freak” now that she had a name—“intersexual”—for her condition.

People with disability are disproportionally affected by disasters due to layers of marginalisation from an interaction of personal, social, economic, political, and environmental factors. These intersect with gender, gender identity, and sexual orientation, and result in additional discrimination and social exclusion that reinforce inequality and stigma. There has been little focus on the intersection of disability and gender in disability-inclusive disaster risk reduction (DIDRR) in high-income countries. This paper reports on a scoping review exploring the intersection of gender and sexual identity and disability in disaster in both peer-reviewed and grey literature. Building greater awareness of the specific needs of marginalised groups such as women, gender, and sexually diverse people into DIDRR will reduce the disproportionate impacts of disaster on these groups.

Gender Protest and Same-Sex Desire in Antebellum American Literature

"Either/Or" and "Both/Neither": Discursive Tensions in Transgender Politics -- TEST

While studies following a translingual orientation have demonstrated the potential for decolonial pedagogical practices (Cushman, 2016), including teachers’ self‐decolonization by drawing on their translinguistic identities (Motha, Jain, & Tecle, 2012), a translingual paradigm and pedagogy also has the potential to address “the intersection of several structuring nodes in the colonial matrix of power” (Cushman, 2016, p. 238). Some studies have put forth women’s narratives and lived experiences as teachers (Motha, Jain, & Tecle, 2012; Park, 2017); however, few studies have investigated identity construction at the intersections of language and gender when teachers are asked to explicitly engage in translingual and transnational labor. Drawing on mobility systems (Fraiberg, 2018), Individual Networks of Practice (INoPs) (Zappa‐Hollman & Duff, 2015), and translingualism (Canagarajah, 2012), this qualitative study offers a detailed account of how four emergent teacher scholars construct their teaching identities when they were encouraged to scrutinize transnational spaces and identities. In particular, the study has two purposes: 1) to investigate the decolonial potential of translingual and transnational paradigms as emergent teacher scholars reflect on their identities at the intersections of language and gender and 2), to document identity reconstruction in relation to the environments and sociocultural contexts of their transnational experiences. Besides the affordances of narrative and/or autobiographical writing through translingual and transnational perspectives, the study demonstrates the benefits of identity reconstruction through mobile systems (Fraiberg, 2018) in creating opportunities for agency within oppressive discourses of language and gender in the TESOL field.

Sexual and gender minority youth are at higher risk for nicotine/tobacco use than cisgender and/or heterosexual youth. Little is known about how the use of multiple tobacco/nicotine products differs among youth by sexual orientation and gender identity. This study sought to determine whether the lifetime number of tobacco/nicotine products differs by sexual orientation and gender identity. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative data on 14 457 students ages 9-19+ who participated in the 2023 National Youth Tobacco Survey. Weighted means, adjusted odds ratios, and adjusted incidence rate ratios were used to assess differences in the number of lifetime tobacco/nicotine products used by students in the following groups: cisgender heterosexual; cisgender sexual minority; gender minority heterosexual; and gender and sexual minority youth. Adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and sex, gender minority heterosexual youth used more than twice as many tobacco/nicotine products as their cisgender heterosexual peers, with an adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) of 2.47; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-5.56; p=.030. Gender and sexual minority youth also used twice as many methods as their cisgender heterosexual peers (aIRR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.40-2.98; p<.001). Among youth aged 9-19+ years, gender minority youth of any sexual orientation used a higher lifetime number of tobacco/nicotine products than did cisgender heterosexual youth. Prevention, harm reduction, and cessation programs for youth are needed to respond to the upward trend of multiple tobacco product use among youth and the specific needs of gender minority youth.

This article examines the development of feminist criticism and gender studies within medieval literary studies and the limited impact that feminist treatments of texts from the Middle Ages have had on the field of feminist theory and criticism more generally. I survey the past achievements by feminists working with medieval texts, noting that they focused primarily on concepts of femininity, representations of characters, or women writers. Then I explore the conflicting assessments of the present status of feminism within medieval literary studies. Finally, I argue that there are three primary areas for future research: the expansion of the feminist ‘canon’, interactions within and between texts, and the intersections of language and gender. Feminism has achieved many of its original goals and now has been largely supplanted by gender and sexuality studies, including queer theory. However, I conclude that medieval texts offer new directions for feminist inquiry because they contain the origins of gendered language in English; medieval texts reveal that the meanings of words like womanhood, femininity, and wifehood have been disparate and contested from their first usages and thereby defamiliarize our modern usages of those same terms.

To explore the variations of sexual orientation and gender identity as well as the intersections of those identities in a sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning youth. Identity development is a key task of adolescence. Among the multiple identities that young people navigate are sexual orientation and gender identity. Challenges with solidifying and integrating aspects of one's identity can contribute to poor physical and mental health outcomes. Cross-sectional descriptive survey. A convenience sample was recruited via collaborations with community organisations and Internet groups who provide information and services for LGBTQ youth under the age of 25. Of the 175 respondents, one-third of the sample reported a gender identity that was not congruent with their sex assigned at birth. Those assigned female sex at birth reported noncongruent gender identities as well as fluid and nonbinary identities such as genderqueer and agender more frequently that respondents assigned male at birth. Individuals with noncongruent gender identities were more likely to identify with a sexual orientation other than lesbian, gay or bisexual than individuals with gender identities congruent with their sex assigned at birth. Adolescent sexual orientation and gender identity are complex and nuanced. Nurse scientists and clinical nurses can contribute to understanding of these identities, their meaning to the young person and the unique health implications by regularly inquiring about sexual orientation and gender identity in their practice. Nurses in clinical practice need to be aware of the sometimes complicated nature of adolescent identity and its related terminology so that they can ask relevant questions and provide culturally safe care.

After positively discussing Professor Lawford-Smith's central argument, I provide some of my own comments on the term 'gender identity', contrasting it with 'sexual orientation'. I argue that, unlike 'sexual orientation', both components of the phrase 'gender identity' have significant ambiguities that make clear empirical research into the nature of 'gender identity' a non-starter. I briefly suggest some ways to resolve the problem.

BackgroundThere is growing recognition that autistic females present with more diverse gender and sexual identities than their non-autistic counterparts. Likewise, autistic females are also at an increased risk of adverse sexual experiences. As higher rates of sexual victimisation are observed in individuals with diverse sexual identities in the broader population, rates of negative sexual experiences among autistic females remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the representation of gender and sexual diversity within autistic females and examine their rates of regretted, and unwanted, sexual encounters among females with a transgender gender identity and non-heterosexual sexual orientation.MethodsTwo hundred and ninety-five females completed the Sexual Behaviour Scale-III (SBS-III) online. Self-reported gender identity and sexual orientation were compared between 134 autistic (Mage= 26.2 years, SD = 8.7) and 161 non-autistic females (Mage = 22.0 years, SD = 4.6). Differences in the prevalence of negative sexual experiences were compared across diagnosis and each gender identity and sexual orientation label.ResultsAutistic females were more likely to identify with a transgender gender identity (p < .05) and non-heterosexual sexual orientation (p < .007) compared to non-autistic females. Autistic homosexual females were more likely to have experienced a range of negative sexual experiences than autistic heterosexual females (OR ≥ 3.29; p < .01) and were more likely to have experienced unwanted sexual experiences than non-autistic females regardless of sexual orientation (OR ≥ 2.38; p < .05). There were no differences in rates of negative sexual experiences between autistic bisexual and both autistic heterosexual and non-autistic bisexual females. Non-autistic bisexual females (OR = 0.24; p = .018) presented with a reduced risk of regretted sexual experiences than non-autistic heterosexual peers. There were no differences in negative sexual experiences across gender identity in the autistic sample.LimitationsThe use of fixed format response items may have restricted participants’ abilities to provide rich responses pertaining to their sexual identities and nature of negative sexual experiences. The small number of participants who identified as transgender (n = 40) limits the reliability of results pertaining to sexual experiences across gender identity. Moreover, although multiple recruitment methods were used in this study, non-representative may bias estimates of prevalence rates. Thus, the data may not be representative of the broader population.ConclusionsResults indicate that autistic females present with greater diversity in their sexual identities than individuals without autism, with those with a homosexual sexual orientation being at greater risk of experiencing adverse sexual encounters. Findings suggest the importance of increased clinical attention to this diversity and the need to provide support to facilitate the development of a healthy sexual identity and reduce the risks identified in this study.