Processes of Using, Modifying, Adapting and Developing Likert Type Scales

Unveiling the roles personality plays during childhood and adolescence necessitates its accurate measurement, commonly using traditional Likert-type (LK) scales. However, this format is susceptible to various response biases, which can be particularly prevalent in children and adolescents, thus likely undermining measurement accuracy. Forced-choice (FC) scales appear to be a promising alternative because they are largely free from these biases by design. However, some argue that the FC format may not perform satisfactorily in children and adolescents due to its complexity. Little empirical evidence exists regarding the suitability of the FC format for children and adolescents. As such, the current study examined the psychometric performance of an FC measure of the Big Five personality factors in three children and adolescent samples: 5th to 6th graders (N = 428), 7th to 8th graders (N = 449), and 10th to 11th graders (N = 555). Across the three age groups, the FC scale demonstrated a better fit to the Big Five model and better discriminant validity in comparison to the LK counterpart. Personality scores from the FC scale also converged well with those from the LK scale and demonstrated high reliability as well as sizable criterion-related validity. Furthermore, the FC scale had more invariant statements than its LK counterpart across age groups. Overall, we found good evidence showing that FC measurement of personality is suitable for children and adolescents.

The design of a system interface can impact user judgements among expert and novice users alike. With information systems, fundamental design choices can either augment or distract individuals in identifying patterns of converging data points. The goal of this effort was to compare the influence of Likert and categorical type rating scales in a system used to guide analysts through a content analysis process. While these scales have been examined in the context of psychological assessment literature, little has been said about their impact on decision makers from a human computer interaction perspective. We conducted a laboratory experiment to explore the effect of using Likert and categorical scales in an intelligence assessment task using unstructured data. The dependent variables included (1) Likert versus categorical type scales and (2) analyst experience (novice versus expert). Results indicated that expert and novices both had greater confidence and more creative, accurate responses in the interface utilizing Likert decision scaling.

This study attempts to relate faculty feelings towards writing with writing genres, perceived competences and values associated to writing. 67 foreign languages faculty in Colombia and Spain voluntarily filled in a four-section on-line questionnaire entitled The Writing Feelings Questionnaire. All the sections were Likert Scale type. The first, Affective dimension, consisted of a list of bipolar adjectives (feelings) associated to writing; the second, Genres, asked about frequency of use of written genres; in the third one, Competences, faculty evaluated their perceived proficiency in writing competences; in section fourth, Good writing, faculty valued good writing characteristics. Exploratory factor analyses were performed and subsequently, data were related through a co-occurrence analysis. Results showed a three-factor structure for the four sections, associating: (a) writing to feelings of demanding standards of writing, satisfaction and importance; (b) genres to research writing, technical writing and narrative writing; (c) perceived writing competences to the management of formal and technical mechanisms, discursive mechanisms and in a less percentage, composition processes competences; and (d) good writing to data-driven content information, argumentative procedures and rhetoric mechanisms. Correlations showed that perceived proficiency in writing competences was related to all feelings. Besides, participants conceived writing as demanding, but also as important and satisfactory in their profession. In conclusion, being conscious of the importance of writing a specific genre and perceiving as competent writers are the variables that lead faculty identity to devote time and energy to increase their production of research writing genres.

Objective: This research aims to determine the relationship between e-government and good governance, bureaucratic reform on good governance, e-government on performance, bureaucratic reform on performance and good governance on performance. Method: This research method is quantitative through surveys using Partial Least Square (PLS) Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis with data analysis tools using SmartPLS 3.0 software. This research involved 431 government employee respondents who were determined using simple random sampling and were given the obligation to fill out each statement containing statements. The type of variable scale used is an ordinal scale. The rating scale for each statement uses a rating scale technique with a Likert scale type. The measurement scale values used are from 1 to 5, the values on each scale indicate: 1=Strongly Disagree; 2=Disagree; 3= Don't Know; 4 = Agree; 5=Strongly Agree. The online questionnaire is distributed via online social media, the stages of data analysis are the outer model test, namely validity and reliability testing and the inner model test, namely hypothesis testing or significance testing. Results: The results of this study show that E-government has a positive and significant relationship to good governance, bureaucratic reform has a positive and significant relationship to Good Governance. E-government has a positive and significant relationship with performance. Bureaucratic reform has a positive and significant relationship to performance. The implementation of Good Governance has a positive and significant relationship to performance. Conclusion: The benefits that are expected to be accommodated by the results of this research are as a reference and source of information as well as for conducting further research or similar research, in order to provide input for the implementation of e-government based good governance towards bureaucratic reform and its impact on more perfect government performance in the future.

Everyone dreams of a bright future according to their interests and abilities. Time orientation problems occur in early adulthood because individuals are in a period of crisis and generally experience worry, doubt and confusion about the direction of their life, these feelings may have an effect on their developmental tasks. The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of goal setting training to improve future orientation in terms of internal locus of control. This research was a quasi-experiment with a sample size of 33 people determined using a saturated sampling technique. Data collection uses a Likert scale type. Data were analyzed using t-test. The research results show that 1) there is a significant difference between the future orientation pretest and the future orientation posttest because the significance value of the paired t test is 0.000 where this value is <0.01, this means that goal setting training increases students' future orientation; 2) there are differences in future orientation in terms of high and low internal locus of control after being given training on goal setting. Students with low future orientation in the pretest session after being given goal setting training, their future orientation posttest scores increased. It is hoped that the research results can be used as reference material for further research on the same topic, as well as helping agencies in solving future orientation problems. More broadly, it is hoped that this research will serve as a guide for society in improving future orientation by using goal setting training and increasing internal locus of control.

It is evident that guidance and counselling service disentangles students’ educational, vocational, personal, and social problems. The main objective of this study was to explore the current status of guidance and counselling service in Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU) and Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU). By setting relevant criteria, the study attempted to identify the most appropriate model of guidance and counselling services for the study population. The main sources of information were six guidance personnel and 333 graduating students of the two universities. The guidance personnel were purposefully included in the study, while the students were selected randomly. To gather information from the respondents, questionnaires with open ended questions and Likert scale type were developed based on the theories and circumstances affecting the provision of guidance and counselling in Ethiopia. Interviews with guidance and counselling unit heads were also used to substantiate the data obtained through the questionnaires. In the analysis of data, qualitative description of information from the open-ended questions and interviews and quantitative interpretation of data obtained from closed-ended questions and converted to statistics such as frequency and percentage were employed. The study reveals that there is lack of awareness among the student population on the availability of guidance and counselling service in their campus and its benefits. It also highlights that there is lack of confidence in guidance and counselling service personnel to solve students’ academic, career, personal, social, and psychological problems. Overall, there is low status of guidance and counselling service in alleviating students’ problems On the basis of the findings, some criteria in the selection of a model relevant to the Ethiopian context were set. A model was developed and reviewed for two rounds by experts before it is taken for granted. Suggestions for further investigation were also made.

Students who can control themselves will not do wrong actions that they have experienced because they will understand that taking actions that violate the rules will get punishment consequences. Regarding gender, a person's self-control is seen from gender, including roles, behavior, preferences, and other attributes that explain a particular culture. Based onAs children age, the communities that influence them increase, as well as the many social experiences they experience, children learn to respond to disappointments, dislikes, failures, and learn to control them, so that over time this self- control emerges from within itself. Birth order can affect a person's self-control in various conditions including how the individual views the role that must be carried out. This study aims to determine differences in self-control in terms of gender, age and birth order in students. This study uses a quantitative method with a population of 547 students. In this case, the researcher uses a non-probability sampling technique with a proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The sample obtained is 241 students. The method collected using a questionnaire. This study uses a summative scale measurement, with a Likert scale type with 5 (five) alternative answers. Test the validity of the scale using content validity. The scale reliability test uses the Cronbach alpha technique. The data analysis technique used the t-test data analysis technique, the Independent Samples T-Test. The results showed that there was no significant difference between self-control with Gender, Age, and Birth Order

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze whether the variables of leadership style, communication, and work discipline simultaneously and partially affect the performance of employees of CV. Bintang Tex Indonesia. And to find out which variables of leadership style, communication and work discipline that influence dominantly on the performance of employees of CV. Bintang Tex Indonesia. Hypothesis testing is done based on quantitative tests with statistical test equipment, measuring variables using a Likert scale type by distributing questionnaires. The population in this study were the employees of CV. Bintang Tex Indonesia. The sampling technique is done by using the saturation sampling technique. The sample of this study was 60 people. The data technique uses multiple linear regression. After conducting research and analysis it can be concluded that the leadership style, communication and work discipline variables have a significant and partial effect on employee performance on the CV. Bintang Tex Indonesia. While the dominant results are based on the beta coefficient value of each leadership style variable (X1) 0.181, communication (X2) 0.509, and work discipline (X3) 0.296. Then the communication variable (X2) dominant effect on employee performance CV. Bintang Tex Indonesia.

This research explains whether there is a relationship between students' emotional intelligence and social interaction in class V students. This research uses quantitative research with a descriptive approach and uses a questionnaire with a Likert scale type and has 5 alternative answers. At the start of the research, the questionnaire was tested by a team of experts (validators) to ensure that the questionnaire was suitable for use in research. Then the questionnaire sheet was tested on fifth grade students, then analyzed using validity and reliability tests. You can see whether the question items are valid or not, then analyzed for research using valid and reliable question items (validity test and reliability test). Then further research was carried out using data analysis tests using simple linear regression tests and hypothesis testing was carried out using the t test, f test and coefficient of determination. The results of the research can be concluded that the research data carried out is in accordance with the collection procedures carried out using the SPSS 22 program. This is proven by the results of data analysis tests using simple linear regression techniques so that the F_regression value = 15.352 > 4.14 with a significance of 0.000<0.05 is obtained. From these results, emotional intelligence has an effective contribution of 31.7% to social interaction. These data can be said to show that there is a relationship between emotional intelligence and social interaction.

The problem that occurs in students is the lack of self-discipline and honesty. The aim of the study was to see how much influence scout extracurriculars had in developing honest and disciplined characters in students at MTsN 1 Payakumbuh City. The quantitative research method is a regression type. The population in this study were 320 students of class VIII MTsN 1 Payakumbuh. The sample in this study were 70 people. In taking samples, the authors use random sampling technique. Random sampling technique is a sampling technique in which the population is randomized. Data was collected using a questionnaire instrument with a Likert scale type. Data analysis techniques used the normality test, linearity test, and hypothesis testing using the Wilcoxon test, correlation test using the Spearmen rho test with the help of the SPSS 25 application. There were 70 positive data (N) meaning there was an increase, the mean of rank was 35.50 while the sum of rank of 2485.00 is 0 so that it can be said that there is no equal value between X and Y1. From the explanation above it can be said that there is an honest increase, there are 70 positive data (N) meaning there is an increase, the mean of rank is 35.50 while the sum of rank is 2485.00 is 0 so it can be said that there are no equal values between. From the explanation above it can be said that there is an increase in discipline. the Wilcoxon test was carried out to find out the value obtained by a significance value of p-value of 0.000. Based on the applicable provisions, it is known that the results of the Wilcoxon Sig. p-value 0.000 <α (α =0.05) which means that Ha is accepted. Based on the results of the Wilcoxon test above, it can be concluded that Ha is accepted with the proposed hypothesis.

The purpose of this study is to identify the prevailing conditions of social media use among undergraduate students of Library and Information Science in a Nigerian University. Simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 180 full-time undergraduate students purposely. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data collected through the administration of questionnaire. Research findings showed that a great number of students of Library and Information Science are addicted to social media for wrong academic purposes. The levels of addiction varied according to four Likert scale type. The highly addiction was among student using WhatApp (40.82%) and not addicted among students using BB chat (13.12%). The demographic indicators provided the obvious results of singles (77.78%) possessing prevalence tendency of addiction, and surprisingly those between the ages of 27-30 (40%) were most addicted. The paper recommends awareness programmes that are tailored to reveal the ills of social media addiction and pave ways to balance use of social media platforms that benefit academic activities among students.

This research is based on fact that Implementation of Indonesian labor protection is still notoptimum as there is a labor of Indonesia in Brebes Regency who cannot return to areas of origin, suffered acts of violence and the wages are not paid. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of the Controlling of local governments to the implementation of Indonesia Labor Protection in Social Service, Labor and transmigration Brebes Regency. This research methodology uses a quantitative approach. The sample in this research amount 27 respondents randomly. Method of collecting data by using the questionnaire given to the entire sample in this research. The research questionnaire using likert scale type and through the stages of test validity, reability, cross-tabulations, correlation rank kendall, analysis of correlation coefficient determination test, and kendall Concordance test as a method of data processing research.Based on The results of research showed that, there is influences between controlling of local government on the implementation of Indonesian Labor Protection where the results of the calculation of correlation rank kendall tau shows Z-count (2.97) ˃ Z tables (1.96). Based on this research, Controlling influential to the implementation of labor protection in Social Service, Labor and transmigration Brebes Regency. Those results proved by a test of of the coeffisien of determination (KD) shows that Controlling influential of 19.27% to the implementation of Indonesian labor protection. The recommendations given by the author that should be improved communication between employees and PPTKIS to reduce misinformation that Indonesian Labor who are abroadand need for education and training related to the Procedure of Placement and Protection of Indonesian Labor for employees and PPTKIS.

          This study aims to determine the relationship between the tendency kepriadian neuroticism with smoking behavior. This study is a coresional study that aims to determine the relationship between the tendency of neurotic personality with smoking behavior. The study involved 180 young adults with age range 20 to 40 years who behaved smoking. Sampling is done by incidential sampling technique. The measuring instrument used to collect research data is the Scale of Personality Trend of Neurotism and the Scale of Smoking Behavior compiled by researchers in Likert scale type. The data of this research were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis technique. From the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that there is a very significant positive relationship between the tendency of personality of neurotism and smoking behavior shown by p = 0,000 (p <0,01) and correlation coefficient value r = 0,400, hence can be interpreted the higher score the personality trends of a person's neuroticism are also higher in smoking behavior.              Keywords: Personality Trends of Neuroticism, Smoking Behavior

The study examines the perceived constraint to soya bean value addition among processors in Gombe state, Nigeria. This study mainly used primary data. This study has the objectives of determining the socioeconomic factors that influenced the choice of technologies used and the constraints to small scale soybean processing firms. Using well-structured questionnaire, multi stage random sampling technique was used to select 240 soya milk and soya cake processing firms in three (3) agricultural zones of Gombe State. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of percentages, mean, frequencies and Likert scale type (strongly agreed, agreed, disagree and strongly disagree with assigned nominal value of 4, 3, 2, and 1 respectively, were used to assessed the constraints in the soya bean value addition. In assessing the cut of points for decision, any item that received a mean score of 3.0 was regarded as serious constraints. The study found that the age, household size. Lack of capital, lack of credit facilities, inadequate power and water supplies, high and multiple taxation were constraint to soya bean processing in the study area the factors that the processors experienced as constrain in soya bean processing at an average rating of 3.5% for soya milk and soya cake on a 4-point Likert rating scale respectively. Further it was showed that there was significant difference in the participation of men and women in soybean processing into soya cake and soymilk. Provision of credit facilities, granting of tax incentives and provision of adequate power and water supply to soybean processors were some of the policy recommendations proffered. It is therefore necessary that various stakeholders and government to encourage and mobilized male to actively participate. This will boost soya bean processing and value addition; High governmental levies and taxation is hindering the soya bean value addition and processing. It is therefore necessary for the government to waiver for soya bean processing and value addition.

The background for conducting this research is to provide additional information and input for the Bandung City Regional Secretariat and the Regional Government in general as a basis for input for decision-making in the context of evaluation and improvement. This study aims to determine whether employee performance affects the quality of service at the General Section of the Bandung City Regional Secretariat. The research methods used are descriptive and verification methods. The population in this study were employees at the General Section of the Regional Secretariat of the City of Bandung, totaling 60 people. The sampling technique is non-probability sampling using a saturated sample, so the number of samples is 60 employees in the General Section of the Regional Secretariat of the City of Bandung. The data collection technique used in this study was through a research questionnaire with a Likert scale type. Data analysis used in this research is simple linear regression analysis using SPSS software. The results of the study show that employee performance influences the quality of service at the General Section of the Bandung City Regional Secretariat. The magnitude of the influence of employee performance on service quality is 37.4%.