Abstract
Spinel ferrites such as CuFe2O4, Fe3O4 and ZnFe2O4 are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacities, natural elemental abundances and nontoxicity. Although these spinels are from a related family of materials, there are differences among their cation arrangements, thus, providing an opportunity to study their redox mechanisms during lithiation and delithiation. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) techniques which analyze x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) offer insight into both local geometry and electronic structure of the absorbing atom. Additionally, when combined with x-ray microscopy, these methods can detect subtle electronic changes at resolutions as low as 10 nm. With this level of insight, XAS is a necessary tool to probe the redox mechanism of the spinel ferrites. Herein, the ex-situ XAS analysis of spinel ferrites is described to highlight the changes to the metal centers during discharge and charge.
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