Privatization in Turkey: Implementation, politics of privatization and performance results

Privatization has been on a lot of countr ies' agenda, especially for the emerging countries for a long time. In Turkey, as an emergin g country, privatization plan has been a very high priority among the State Budget income items f or three decades. To identify and to explore the accounting role in privatization is the critical issue for the countries under privatization process. In this study, the importance of financial reporting d uring privatization process is examined. The overall responsibility of accounting in privatizati on is to develop investor confidence to channel the flows of funds and to ensure the effective and effi cient use of capital funds. Therefore, without a sound accountancy framework, the privatization proc ess would not generate the desired long term economic, social, and financial development results . Therefore, we analyzed the period of Turkish privatization experience by underlying the importan ce of financial reporting in this process. For this purpose, in the first part of the study, we defined the privatization and argued the positive and negative opinions about it. In the second part, we clarified the role of accounting in privatization process under disclosure, transitional problems, tr aining, valuation problems, and inflation accounting subsections. In the third part, we dis cussed the recent accounting developments which may effects privatization in Turkey. In the fourth part, we summarized the implementation of privatization in Turkey. Then, we mentioned the key issues in privatization process for emerging economies. Based on the Turkey's privatization prac tices, financial reporting has a very important role in the SOE's privatization process. In our poi nt of view, since accounting has an important role in privatization, this role takes place before , during and also after the privatization. It shoul d be taken into consideration that the main objective of privatization is not only to privatize SOE's, but also keep the sustainability of privatized SOE' s. While privatization creates sources for new investments of the governments, it should support t he effectiveness and economics of goods and services in the area of privatization. So the susta inability of privatized companies is very important as well as their sales. All of the above purposes c an be controlled by solely accounting.

Assessment of Privatization in Turkey

In the 1940s, when the governor of Puerto Rico was still appointed by the U.S. president, a large state-owned enterprise (SOE) sector was established. Later, in 1948-1950, the island's first elected government privatised these SOEs. This paper documents both the creation of the SOE sector and its privatisation, and analyses the role played by ideology, political interests and economic concerns in the decision to privatise. Whereas ideological factors might have played a significant role in the building of the SOE sector, the privatisation process was driven by economic factors. In the cement sector, the competing private firm was more efficient and the SOEs in other sectors with no private competitors in the island showed permanent losses.

Implementation of Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) is crucial for cement manufacturers to enhance competitive advantage while minimizing economic, social, and environmental impacts. As a result, cement companies must assess, manage, and report the sustainability performance of their supply chains. However, there is no appropriate measurement framework to evaluate SSCM performance. This study designs a specific and relevant SSCM performance measurement framework, referring to global cement industry indicators, empirical indicators of Indonesian manufacturers, and validation of seven cement supply chain specialists. A systematic literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign weights to performance indicators. This study develops an SSCM framework that integrates three aspects of sustainability: environmental, social, and economic. The framework consists of 22 performance indicators, including six environmental indicators, eight social indicators, and eight economic indicators. Testing the framework on leading cement company in Indonesia resulted in a strong performance score of 80.7. This study addresses the existing gap in research related to supply chain sustainability and, for the first time, provides locally developed SSCM performance indicators that are aligned with the context of the Indonesian cement industry. This study also discusses the implications of the developed SSCM framework for sustainability education and capacity building within the Indonesian cement industry, highlighting the importance of integrating environmental, social, and economic performance indicators into training programs and educational curricula to foster sustainable business practices.

From ancient Greece to the Renaissance period, up to privatization, which showed the effect on both Britain from Nazi Germany it emerges both in and outside Turkey. In this study the historical process of privatization in the world and in Turkey, the process of privatization, privatization has been mentioned in the domain. The first arrangement made in 1984 on privatization in Turkey, privatization, which began in 1986, the species, in taking the scope of privatization of SOEs No. 233 Decree, and for compatibility with the Constitution on 2018 703 Decree Law No. 85 Amendments to Article It was mentioned that the privatization authority was given to the President. The aims, benefits and disadvantages of privatization have been addressed using the current figures and data. This process was tried to be revealed by making a literature review.

A global shift toward renewable energy has proved to be a major constituent in drifting toward climate change. Given the context, the present research study focuses on the nexus between renewable energy, transport services, and performance on economic and environmental fronts. The study has employed an ARDL time series approach to test the effects of hypothesized relationships for the period from 1989 to 2020. The results of the study divulge that the consumption of RE is inversely and significantly coupled with the economic and environmental performance indicators, validating the notion that Romania has emerged as a leading renewable energy user. Foreign direct investment inflows in Romania are significantly and positively associated with the economic and environmental performance indicators. However, the impact of foreign direct investment inflows tends to be smaller than that of the forest area and renewable energy. All the exogenous variables appear to affect the economic and environmental performance indicators significantly in the short run. Furthermore, the forest area is negatively linked with the economic and environmental performance indicators in the Romanian economy. Based on the outcomes of the research, policy prescriptions are suggested to safeguard against environmental degradation and support growth in the much-needed forest resources.

SummaryThe concept of eco‐efficiency is commonly referred to as a business link to sustainable development. In this article, ecoefficiency is examined at a regional level as an approach to promoting the competitiveness of economic activities in the Finnish Kymenlaakso region and mitigating their harmful impacts on the environment. The aim is to develop appropriate indicators for monitoring changes in the eco‐efficiency of the region. A starting point is to produce indicators for the environmental and economic dimensions of regional development and use them for measuring regional eco‐efficiency. The environmental impact indicators are based on a life‐cycle assessment method, producing different types of environmental impact indicators: pressure indicators (e.g., emissions of CO2), impact category indicators (e.g., CO2 equivalents in the case of climate change), and a total impact indicator (aggregating different impact category indicator results into a single value). Environmental impact indicators based on direct material input, total material input, and total material requirement of the Kymenlaakso region are also assessed. The economic indicators used are the gross domestic product, the value added, and the output of the main economic sectors of Kymenlaakso. In the eco‐efficiency assessment, the economic and environmental impact indicators are monitored in the same graph. In a few cases eco‐efficiency ratios can also be calculated (the economic indicators are divided by the environmental indicators). Output (= value added + intermediate consumption) is used as an economic indicator related to the environmental impact indicators, which also cover the upstream processes of the region's activities. In the article, we also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using the different environmental impact indicators.

Purpose – The main purpose is to provide ideas about an intellectual framework for considering the role of “economic factors” in conflict and to suggest some potentially useful future areas of research. I selectively reference some relevant findings from the other chapters in this volume. Methodology/approach – This chapter is speculative, but raises important issues. It might seem that economic factors should be considered “hard” constraints on the dynamics of large-scale conflict and peace, whereas political factors are “soft.” I propose the opposite. I argue that we should consider political factors as causally primary and economic factors as contingent on them. I present statistical analyses that call into question some recent research on the apparent primacy of economic factors in international conflict. Findings – These models challenge a strong belief in the primacy of a “capitalist peace” or “economic peace” over political factors such as democracy. But my purpose here is no more than to suggest that this is a promising area for further inquiry. Economic factors are of course hugely important, but they are filtered through norms and institutions, which are political creations. If the basic logic of my thinking holds, similar results would be obtained for studies of civil conflict initiation and escalation. Originality/value of paper – This chapter raises the issue of the appropriate place of economic and political factors in understanding organized conflict at various levels of analysis. It suggests how the chapters in this volume help advance thinking about the relationship between economic factors and conflict in this context and provides some novel empirical results to suggest the plausibility of the argument that economic factors may be less theoretically fundamental than political ones.

Fukumi deals with the electricity problem in this chapter and tries to explore the roots of the fragile power infrastructure, which poses a serious problem for the future of Indian economy. The poor power infrastructure, which causes outages and voltage fluctuations in different degrees from state to state, is the highest hurdle hindering foreign investment and economic development. Fukumi assesses the effects of governance reform on the private sector by using firm-level data regarding commercial losses caused by power outages. The solution, however, seems difficult to find; issues like distorted tariff structure and state subsidies are heavily involved with state-specific economic and political factors. Fukumi argues that the corporate and regulatory governance in the respective states critically decides the quality of the power supply. The future of the performance of the Indian power structure and economy seems to be very much dependent upon the streamlining of irrational political and economic factors.

ABSTRACTThe number of interest organizations (density) varies across policy domains, political issues and economic sectors. This shapes the nature and outcomes of interest representation. In this contribution, we explain the density of interest organizations per economic sector in the European Union on the basis of political and economic institutional factors. Focusing on business interest representation, we show that economic institutions structure the ‘supply’ of interest organizations by affecting the number of potential constituents, the resources available for lobbying and the geographical level of collective action of businesses. In contrast, we do not find consistent evidence that political institutions produce ‘demand’ for interest organizations by making laws, developing public policy or spending money. This is in contrast to the extensive evidence that such factors affect lobbying practices. The European Union interest system is (partially) shaped by economic factors, relatively independent from public policy or institutions.

Purpose This study aims to examine the association between environmental awareness and organic food consumption. While prior research has explored the link between pro-environmental attitudes and consumer intent to purchase organic food, fewer studies have analyzed whether such attitudes correspond to actual purchasing behavior at the U.S. state level. This study seeks to address this gap by investigating the relationship between environmental awareness indicators and organic food purchases, considering demographic, economic, structural and political factors that may explain consumption patterns. Design/methodology/approach The study employs a U.S. state-level analysis using secondary data on organic food purchases and environmental awareness measures. Environmental awareness is assessed through multiple indicators capturing belief in human-caused climate change and support for pro-environmental policies. The analysis controls for demographic, economic, structural and political variables, including education, population density, sex ratio, personal consumption expenditures and political ideology. Statistical methods, including bootstrap regression and Huber M-estimations, are used to examine the strength and direction of associations between environmental attitudes and organic food purchases. Findings The results indicate that environmental awareness variables are consistently associated with higher levels of organic product purchases. In addition, education levels, population density, sex ratio (male-to-female ratio) and personal consumption expenditures are all positively associated with demand for organic products. These findings suggest that environmental concern may influence consumption behavior in conjunction with demographic and economic factors that either constrain or reinforce such attitudes. Research limitations/implications The study relies on aggregated U.S. state-level data, which does not capture individual-level purchasing behavior or attitudes. In addition, while statistical associations are identified, the study does not establish causality between environmental awareness and organic food purchases. Future research should incorporate household-level or longitudinal data to better understand causal mechanisms and the role of social and policy interventions in influencing organic food consumption. Practical implications The results may guide efforts to reduce structural barriers to organic food consumption, such as price and accessibility, to better align pro-environmental attitudes with purchasing behavior. Policymakers and businesses could use these findings to consider strategies that enhance organic food availability, affordability and consumer education on sustainability. Retailers and marketers may also benefit from understanding how economic and demographic factors influence demand for organic products at the regional level. Social implications While organic food is often associated with ethical and environmental responsibility, disparities in income, educational attainment and regional availability may create inequities in sustainable food choices. These findings highlight the importance of policies and programs that expand organic food access and address underlying socioeconomic inequalities in consumption opportunities. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by providing a U.S. state-level analysis of the association between environmental awareness and organic food consumption. Unlike prior research that focuses on self-reported intent, this study uses actual purchasing data to assess real-world behavior. By integrating economic, structural and political factors, it offers a deeper understanding of the conditions under which environmental concern may correspond to organic food purchasing. The findings are of significant interest to academia, policymakers and industry stakeholders interested in promoting sustainable food systems.

This paper examines how the privatisation process has influenced the structure of ownership and management in Slovene enterprises during transition. First, we highlight how the powers of insiders and political factors have played a crucial role in the privatisation of Slovene enterprises. In the privatisation process, priority was given to insiders with the internal distribution of shares and discounted management-labour buy-outs. Second, we show how the relative importance of enterprises under different types of ownership has changed over time as the privatisation process has progressed. We find that the majority of employment is still in “socially-owned” enterprises, while the majority of gross profits and total revenues is generated by private enterprises and those with mixed ownership; this implies that private enterprises are more efficient than “socially-owned” enterprises. Further, large enterprises were found to be dominant in the economy, while small enterprises are most dynamic. Third, we address the issue of management in Slovene enterprises in relation to ownership, real sales ability, union recognition and competitive pressures, based on a firm panel data set. While there has been a substantial reduction in employment, no great changes in management structures in traditional privatised and “socially-owned” enterprises were found to have taken place during transition. The results of the regression equation to establish the demand for managers showed a significant positive impact of ownership for de novo private firms, while a negative impact resulted for former “socially-owned” enterprises. Real sales and competition do not seem to play a significant role in the demand for managers in Slovene enterprises.

Part 1 Philosophical foundations of policy towards private schools: a Libertarian perspective on schooling, Donald A.Erikson family choice in education - the case of Denmark, Holland and Australia, Denis P.Doyle a choice perspective on private schooling, Jacob B.Michaelson schooling for poor and minority children - an equity perspective, Barbara L.Schneider rationales for private schools - a commentary, James G.Cibulka. Part 2 Private schools and policy issues: private schools and funds - a case study of an English initiative, A.Edwards et al the Hawke Labor Government and public-private school funding policies in Australia 1983-1986, Don Smart balancing policy and private schools - the Australian experience and American implications, William Lowe Boyd public, private and separate schools in Ontario - developing a new social contract for education?, Stephen B.Lawton financing private schools - the West German case, Manfred Weiss and private education in international perspective, Estelle James issues in funding and governance, Berry H.Durston the politics of privatization - policy-making and private schools in the USA and Great Britain, Bruce S.Cooper a back door process of school privatization - the case of Israel, Dan E.Inbar can poor parents make wise educational choices?, Patricia A.Bauch elitism and patterns of independent education, Peter Mason elitism and the British public schools, Irene Fox.

M. Anne Pitcher (2002) Transforming Mozambique: The Politics of Privatisation, 1975-2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), ISBN 0 52153 382 1 (pbk) This book purposefully situates the Mozambican tactical transformation experience within the comparative literature on the erosion of socialism and transition to a market economy. In finding an answer to the question of whether the transformation process in Mozambique entailed a '[p]rivatising state or a statist privatisation' (p. 140), M. Anne Pitcher focuses on the politics of privatisation in order to draw conclusions about the role of the state and social forces in structuring, challenging, supporting and undermining comprehensive change in transitional countries. By evolving her focus from 'how much' state to 'what kind' of state (p. 70), Pitcher argues that, although privatisation has certainly altered the role of state institutions in Mozambique, the process and outcome of privatisation has not eliminated state power, but redirected it. The author's findings decisively challenge neo-liberal claims that transitions have been 'revolutionary'.

Objective: The relationship between health level (status) and economic level is an important research area in health economics literature, and countries with above-average health status indicators that have healthy economic indicators as well are generally accepted. The aims of the present study were to determine the position of countries based on their health status and economic indicators, to rank the performance of countries with respect to both groups of indicators, to observe the changes in and the relationship between health and economic performance ranking, and to examine the relationship between health and macroeconomic performance scores using correlation analysis. Materials and methods: Multidimensional scaling was used to determine the countries’ position, and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution method was used to rank the country’s net performance according to health status and economic indicators. The study uses horizontal data for 2016. Economic data were obtained from the International Monetary Fund, and each of the country’s health status indicators was obtained from the World Health Organization and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Health Data Bank. Results: Macroeconomic performance ranking results showed that while Ireland performed best, Turkey performed worst among OECD countries. Health status performance ranking results ranked Japan as first and Turkey as last. Additionally, a positive, moderately significant correlation between macroeconomic and health status indicators was obtained. Conclusion: Currently, especially with aging populations, various problems have arisen in the health status of societies, affecting the general level of health in the society and economic structure. Therefore, health services for the elderly can play a role in improving health status and economic level. Cite this article as: Özsarı H, Boz C. Comparison of Health Status and Macroeconomic Indicators in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Countries Using Multidimensional Scaling and TOPSIS. Journal of Health Science and Profession 2019; 6(3): 545-54.