Abstract
This chapter explores chemical reactions and stoichiometry, equilibrium reactions, thermodynamics of chemical reactions, reaction kinetics, determination of reaction rate laws, and chemical reactions used in water treatment. Chemical operations used for water treatment are often described using chemical equations. In general, reactions can be thought of as reversible and irreversible. Dynamic equilibrium is characterized by a balance between the continuous formation of products from reactants and reactants from products. Principles from equilibrium thermodynamics provide a means for determining whether reactions are favorable and are also used in process design calculations to determine the final equilibrium state. The chapter discusses reaction rate laws which describe how fast a reaction proceeds in the absence of mass transfer limitations. It examines the relationship between the reaction mechanism and the rate expression. Oxidation-reduction reactions follow many steps through specific single electron transfers and, therefore, can be either very fast or very slow depending on the reaction mechanism.
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