Principal Duties in Integrated Islamic Junior High Schools:

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the instructional leadership practice of strategic resourcing exercised by heads of community secondary schools and its contribution towards enhancing equity in education in Kigoma region, Tanzania. The study was informed by the Student-Centred Model of instructional leadership theory. Convergent design under the mixed method approach was used to collect, analyse, and report both qualitative and quantitative data. Purposive sampling and stratified simple random sampling techniques were used to obtain a sample of 312 respondents consisting of 144 Form IV students, 144 teachers, and 24 heads of schools from 24 secondary schools of 4 councils. The study draws from quantitative and qualitative data generated from a questionnaire, interview guide, focus group discussion guide and document analysis guide. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the hypothesis. Thematic analysis was used for analysing qualitative data. Findings revealed that heads of community secondary schools were effective in strategic resourcing to enhance equity in education. However, equity in education indicated by student attendance, providing academic support, completion of Form IV and performance in Form IV national examinations remained lower than the required standards. The study concluded that without addressing challenges including shortage of teachers, teaching and learning facilities, and overcrowded classrooms, heads of schools' effectiveness in strategic resourcing is doomed to fail to enhance equity in education to the expected levels. The study recommended that the Government in collaboration with intermediary educational authorities should find a solution to the challenges to allow the heads of schools to enhance equity in education in Kigoma region.

The paper discusses formative and summative assessment practices by teachers in ECE Centres in Lusaka, Zambia. The study used a mixed methods design by utilizing a concurrent triangulation design which enabled the researchers to converge quantitative and qualitative data. In addition, the design helped to confirm and cross-validate the study findings. Qualitative data was prioritised over quantitative data. Probability and non-probability sampling techniques were used to sample one hundred and two (102) teachers, ten (10) head teachers and one hundred and twenty-five (125) parents. Questionnaires were used to gather data from teachers and parents, Focus Group Discussion Guides (FGDs) were used to interview teachers whilst Interview guides were used to interview head teachers. A Documentary Analysis Guide and an Observational Checklist were used by the researcher to obtain additional data on assessment practices by teachers from a documentary and observational point of view. Descriptive statistics were computed to analyse quantitative data whilst thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data using a framework approach of qualitative data analysis. Results revealed that the most predominantly implemented summative assessments in ECE Centres were mid-term tests and end of term tests. Teachers also used formative assessments such as homework, oral questioning, collection of samples, portfolios and interview guides. However, teachers failed to adhere to the actual norms of formative assessment such as tracking of individual children’s development, learning needs and achievements so as to adapt instruction accordingly. Consequently, the assessment results were often compromised. Finally, the study recommends that Ministry of General Education should conduct capacity building training programmes for teachers on formative and summative assessment practices in ECE to ensure effective implementation of both formative and summative assessment in ECE Centres. Article visualizations:

Demand forecasting plays a very significant role in logistics activities due to efficiently guiding various activities and increasing the commercial competitive advantage in a steadily fluctuating business environment. Traditional methods generally employ statistical methods, such as exponential smoothing or auto-regressive integrated moving average methods, to forecast the product demands. However, most researches only consider quantitative data such as time series data. Despite the fact in the real world, there are diverse qualitative data have more effect on product demands. Hence, this study aims to propose different 3 models based on quantitative and qualitative data. Such models consist of model 1, used only qualitative data as input, model 2, used only quantitative data, and model 3, used both of qualitative and quantitative data. A TV demands data set provided by a well-known shopping mall in Thailand is adopted to verify the proposed model. According to the consideration of performance measurement, the finding indicates that model 3 is outstanding. It can be concluded that the qualitative data are very important to demand forecast.

There are many scenarios in which it is necessary to collect data from multiple sources in order to evaluate a system, including the collection of both quantitative data - from sensors and smart devices - and qualitative data - such as observations and interview results. However, there are currently very few systems that enable both of these data types to be combined in such a way that they can be analysed side-by-side. This paper describes an end-to-end system for the collection, analysis, storage and visualisation of qualitative and quantitative data, developed using the e-Science Central cloud analytics platform. We describe the experience of developing the system, based on a case study that involved collecting data about the built environment and its users. In this case study, data is collected from older adults living in residential care. Sensors were placed throughout the care home and smart devices were issued to the residents. This sensor data is uploaded to the analytics platform and the processed results are stored in a data warehouse, where it is integrated with qualitative data collected by healthcare and architecture researchers. Visualisations are also presented which were intended to allow the data to be explored and for potential correlations between the quantitative and qualitative data to be investigated.

Background: Multimorbidity (the presence of two or more chronic conditions) is associated with poorer health outcomes, particularly for patients with significant polypharmacy (≥15 medications), due to the higher risk of adverse events and drug interactions. The SPPiRE study will assess the effectiveness of a complex intervention to support general practitioners (GPs) to reduce potentially inappropriate prescribing and consider deprescribing in older people with multimorbidity and significant polypharmacy. The aim of the SPPiRE process evaluation is to understand how and why the intervention is effective or ineffective and to explore the potential for system wide implementation of the intervention using the Medical Research Council general themes of context, implementation and mechanism of impact. Methods: The SPPiRE study is a clustered randomised controlled trial (RCT), aiming to recruit 55 general practices and 400 patients (≥65 years) on ≥15 medications throughout the Republic of Ireland. This mixed-methods process evaluation of the SPPiRE study will integrate both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data will be collected on use of the intervention elements and from GP questionnaires. Qualitative data will be collected from semi-structured telephone interviews with all intervention GPs and a purposeful sample of patients from intervention practices. The topic guide will explore barriers and facilitators to participation and implementation of the intervention. Quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive statistics. Interviews will be transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Quantitative and qualitative data will be then be integrated. Discussion: The SPPiRE cluster RCT will provide evidence regarding the effectiveness and practicability of delivering a structured medication review in reducing polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate prescribing for patients with multimorbidity. This process evaluation will provide information on how the intervention was implemented, how it was or was not effective and the potential for a system wide implementation. Trial registration: ISRCTN 12752680, registration: 20/10/2016.

Background: Multimorbidity (the presence of two or more chronic conditions) is associated with poorer health outcomes, particularly for patients with significant polypharmacy (≥15 medications), due to the higher risk of adverse events and drug interactions. The SPPiRE study will assess the effectiveness of a complex intervention to support general practitioners (GPs) to reduce potentially inappropriate prescribing and consider deprescribing in older people with multimorbidity and significant polypharmacy. The aim of the SPPiRE process evaluation is to understand how and why the intervention is effective or ineffective and to explore the potential for system wide implementation of the intervention using the Medical Research Council general themes of context, implementation and mechanism of impact. Methods: The SPPiRE study is a clustered randomised controlled trial (RCT), aiming to recruit 55 general practices and 400 patients (≥65 years) on ≥15 medications throughout the Republic of Ireland. This mixed-methods process evaluation of the SPPiRE study will integrate both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data will be collected on use of the intervention elements and from GP questionnaires. Qualitative data will be collected from semi-structured telephone interviews with all intervention GPs and a purposeful sample of patients from intervention practices. The topic guide will explore barriers and facilitators to participation and implementation of the intervention. Quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive statistics. Interviews will be transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Quantitative and qualitative data will be then be integrated. Discussion: The SPPiRE cluster RCT will provide evidence regarding the effectiveness and practicability of delivering a structured medication review in reducing polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate prescribing for patients with multimorbidity. This process evaluation will provide information on how the intervention was implemented, how it was or was not effective and the potential for a system wide implementation. Trial registration: ISRCTN 12752680, registration: 20/10/2016.

Background: Multimorbidity (the presence of two or more chronic conditions) is associated with poorer health outcomes, particularly for patients with significant polypharmacy (≥15 medications), due to the higher risk of adverse events and drug interactions. The SPPiRE study will assess the effectiveness of a complex intervention to support general practitioners (GPs) to reduce potentially inappropriate prescribing and consider deprescribing in older people with multimorbidity and significant polypharmacy. The aim of the SPPiRE process evaluation is to understand how and why the intervention is effective or ineffective and to explore the potential for system wide implementation of the intervention using the Medical Research Council general themes of context, implementation and mechanism of impact. Methods: The SPPiRE study is a clustered randomised controlled trial (RCT), aiming to recruit 55 general practices and 400 patients (≥65 years) on ≥15 medications throughout the Republic of Ireland. This mixed-methods process evaluation of the SPPiRE study will integrate both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data will be collected on use of the intervention elements and from GP questionnaires. Qualitative data will be collected from semi-structured telephone interviews with all intervention GPs and a purposeful sample of patients from intervention practices. The topic guide will explore barriers and facilitators to participation and implementation of the intervention. Quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive statistics. Interviews will be transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Quantitative and qualitative data will be then be integrated. Discussion: The SPPiRE cluster RCT will provide evidence regarding the effectiveness and practicability of delivering a structured medication review in reducing polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate prescribing for patients with multimorbidity. This process evaluation will provide information on how the intervention was implemented, how it was or was not effective and the potential for a system wide implementation. Trial registration: ISRCTN 12752680, registration: 20/10/2016

Knowledge of the genetic diversity of germplasm of breeding material is invaluable in crop improvement programmes. Frequently, qualitative and quantitative data are used separately to assess genetic diversity of crop genotypes. While assessing diversity based on qualitative and quantitative traits separately, there may occur a problem when the degree of correspondence between the clusters formed does not agree with each other. This study compares five different procedures of clustering based on the criterion of weighted average of observed proportion of misclassification in black gram genotypes using qualitative, quantitative traits and mixture data. The INDOMIX- and PRINQUAL-based clustering procedures, i.e. INDOMIX and PRINQUAL methods in conjunction with the k-means clustering procedure, show better performance compared with other clustering procedures, followed by clustering based on either quantitative or qualitative data alone. The use of the INDOMIX- and PRINQUAL-based procedures can help breeders in capturing the variation present in both qualitative and quantitative trait data simultaneously and solving the problem of ambiguity over the degree of correspondence between clustering based on either qualitative or quantitative traits alone.

Most heart failure patients have multiple comorbidities. This study aims to test the moderating effect of comorbidity on the relationship between self-efficacy and self-care in adults with heart failure. Secondary analysis of four mixed methods studies (n = 114) was done. Self-care and self-efficacy were measured using the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index. Comorbidity was measured with the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Parametric statistics were used to examine the relationships among self-efficacy, self-care, and the moderating influence of comorbidity. Qualitative data yielded themes about self-efficacy in self-care and explained the influence of comorbidity on self-care. Most (79%) reported two or more comorbidities. There was a significant relationship between self-care and the number of comorbidities (r = -.25; p = .03). There were significant differences in self-care by comorbidity level (self-care maintenance, F[1, 112], 5.96, p = .019, and self-care management, F[1, 72], 4.66, p = .034). Using moderator analysis of the effect of comorbidity on self-efficacy and self-care, a significant effect was found only in self-care maintenance among those who had moderate levels of comorbidity (b = .620, p = .022, F(change) df[6,48], 5.61, p = .022). In the qualitative data, self-efficacy emerged as an important variable influencing self-care by shaping how individuals prioritized and integrated multiple and often competing self-care instructions. Comorbidity influences the relationship between self-efficacy and self-care maintenance, but only when levels of comorbidity are moderately high. Methods of improving self-efficacy may improve self-care in those with multiple comorbidities.

The current COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected many global activities, including teaching and learning. This research investigated teachers’ perceived challenges and coping strategies to craft localized school-based support mechanisms. This study followed a mixed methods convergent parallel design where quantitative and qualitative data were collected during the same phase of the data-gathering process. This design was followed to enrich quantitative data with qualitative data. This study utilized two research instruments to gather quantitative data for the following variable – perceived challenges and coping strategies. To collect qualitative data, interviews were conducted using the sub-questions aligned with the study's central question. The data were derived from randomly selected public school teachers of an educational institution in Makati City. Three of those teachers who answered were chosen at random to be interviewed. During analysis, Shapiro-Wilk’s normality test was done for the quantitative data to determine the statistical analysis to be employed. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed through Pearson r coefficient and thematic analysis, respectively. Results showed that perceived challenges have no significant relationship with overall coping strategies. However, by analyzing the subcomponents of coping strategies, perceived challenges positively correlate with problem-focused coping. This result revealed that when teachers experience a high intensity of challenges in their teaching practices during the pandemic, they tend to do active coping strategies indicative of grit and a more practical approach to solving the problem. Moreover, qualitative data supported that teachers must also be given mental and emotional support besides physical, technological, and financial support. Furthermore, parallel studies must be conducted with a more diverse and large sample to serve as a guide in crafting a nationwide support mechanism for teachers during a challenging situation

The current COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected many global activities, including teaching and learning. This research investigated teachers’ perceived challenges and coping strategies to craft localized school-based support mechanisms. This study followed a mixed methods convergent parallel design where quantitative and qualitative data were collected during the same phase of the data-gathering process. This design was followed to enrich quantitative data with qualitative data. This study utilized two research instruments to gather quantitative data for the following variable – perceived challenges and coping strategies. To collect qualitative data, interviews were conducted using the sub-questions aligned with the study's central question. The data were derived from randomly selected public school teachers of an educational institution in Makati City. Three of those teachers who answered were chosen at random to be interviewed. During analysis, Shapiro-Wilk’s normality test was done for the quantitative data to determine the statistical analysis to be employed. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed through Pearson r coefficient and thematic analysis, respectively. Results showed that perceived challenges have no significant relationship with overall coping strategies. However, by analyzing the subcomponents of coping strategies, perceived challenges positively correlate with problem-focused coping. This result revealed that when teachers experience a high intensity of challenges in their teaching practices during the pandemic, they tend to do active coping strategies indicative of grit and a more practical approach to solving the problem. Moreover, qualitative data supported that teachers must also be given mental and emotional support besides physical, technological, and financial support. Furthermore, parallel studies must be conducted with a more diverse and large sample to serve as a guide in crafting a nationwide support mechanism for teachers during a challenging situation

Some of the primary school managers in Kenya lack induction capacity to implement the human resource development policy. Induction of new teachers is a key aspect of the human resource development policy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between school manager’s induction capacity and the implementation of the human resource development policy in public primary schools in Nyeri County. The behavioral theory of management and the policy formulation and implementation theories were used to guide this study. The survey and in-depth interviews methods were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data respectively. The concurrent triangulation design was applied during data collection and analysis of both the qualitative and quantitative data. The target population included head teachers, teachers, chairpersons of the boards of management in public primary schools and the sub county TSC human resource officers. The independent variable was school manager’s induction capacity while the dependent variable was the implementation of the human resource development policy in public primary schools. The target population of the study consisted of four hundred (400) headteachers, one thousand six hundred (1600) teachers, four hundred (400) chairpersons of public primary schools board of management and eight (8) sub county TSC human resource officers. Stratified Random Sampling was applied to select a sample size of fifty (50) head teachers, one hundred and sixty (160) teachers and fifty (50) board of management chairpersons in public primary schools. Eight (8) Sub County TSC Human Resource Officers were purposively selected. The questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data from head teachers and teachers in the selected public primary schools. Additionally, interview schedules were used to collect qualitative data from chairpersons of the schools’ board of management and from the sub county TSC human resource officers. Validity was enhanced by piloting of instruments prior to collecting the final data. To enhance credibility, adjustments of the tools were done according to the opinion obtained from respondents of the piloting and the advice provided by supervisors. Interactive questioning was used to enhance dependability. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The Chi square was applied for analysis of inferential statistics. This was done with the help of SPSS program version 24. Qualitative data was compared with quantitative data at the final analysis. The reporting of the quantitative data included percentages, tables and charts while qualitative data was by the Chi square values, inferential statistics. The findings of the study revealed that school managers have positive attitude towards conducting induction in their respective schools and that there exist a policy on induction. However, the school managers were found to have little time to conduct induction owing to other responsibilities assigned. The researcher recommended that headteachers of public primary schools should be properly trained on the induction process to enhance induction of teachers in their schools. Additionally, the school managers should have a reduced workload and adequate finances to enable them to carry out the teacher’s induction role effectively. Article visualizations:

This study aims to examine the effect of the number of members and own capital on business volume and SHU, as well as the SHU policy strategy. The research method used is an explanatory survey with the type of verification research. While the sampling technique used purposive sampling in order to obtain 12 KPRI PKPRI members according to predetermined criteria. The analysis technique uses path analysis supported by quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data used is in the form of the Annual Member Meeting (RAT) report book for the 2015-2019 period. The results showed that the direct effect of the number of members on business volume had no positive and significant effect. The direct effect of own capital on business volume had a positive and significant effect. The direct effect of the amount on SHU has a negative and significant effect. The direct effect of own capital on SHU has a positive and significant effect. The direct effect of business volume on SHU has a positive and significant effect. The indirect effect of the number of members on SHU through business volume has a positive and significant effect. The indirect effect of own capital on SHU through business volume has a positive and significant effect. Total determinants for the first and second models, namely 43.70% and 62.80% of the overall model which can explain the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. Meanwhile, the remaining 56.30% and 37.20% were influenced by other factors not examined.
 This study aims to examine the effect of the number of members and own capital on business volume and SHU, as well as the SHU policy strategy. The research method used is an explanatory survey with the type of verification research. While the sampling technique used purposive sampling in order to obtain 12 KPRI PKPRI members according to predetermined criteria. The analysis technique uses path analysis supported by quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data used is in the form of the Annual Member Meeting (RAT) report book for the 2015-2019 period. The results showed that the direct effect of the number of members on business volume had no positive and significant effect. The direct effect of own capital on business volume had a positive and significant effect. The direct effect of the amount on SHU has a negative and significant effect. The direct effect of own capital on SHU has a positive and significant effect. The direct effect of business volume on SHU has a positive and significant effect. The indirect effect of the number of members on SHU through business volume has a positive and significant effect. The indirect effect of own capital on SHU through business volume has a positive and significant effect. Total determinants for the first and second models, namely 43.70% and 62.80% of the overall model which can explain the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. Meanwhile, the remaining 56.30% and 37.20% were influenced by other factors not examined.

Standing frames are commonly used by healthcare professionals in their practice with children with cerebral palsy (CP) who do not have an independent standing function. A better understanding of healthcare professionals' attitudes and experiences with standing frames may impact practice and rehabilitation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the standing frame practice among healthcare professionals and expand their attitude and experience with the use of standing frames for children with CP. This is an explanatory sequential mixed methods study. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, providing quantitative data on 210 healthcare professionals' use of standing frames. The quantitative data were descriptively analysed. Subsequently, the results from the survey were followed up with five focus group interviews of healthcare professionals (n = 14). The qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis, enabling integration between the quantitative and qualitative data. When quantitative and qualitative data are integrated, expansion between the two datasets occurred. The quantitative dataset emphasised the use of GMFCS levels as a guideline for recommending standing frames, whereas the qualitative data showed that the healthcare professionals' recommendations were based on individual needs. Furthermore, the healthcare professionals expanded the quantitative data, showing that the healthcare professionals' considerations regarding age and dosage were based on clinical experience, and saw the standing frame as having many benefits. The healthcare professionals had a child-centred approach, where the child's need for using a standing frame was assessed based on the functional level, stage of development, cognitive level and clinical assessment. All of these considerations showed that the use of standing frames for children with CP was individualised, thereby making it difficult to make unified descriptions.

Adolescents in Kenya has increasingly exhibited more problematic behaviour with males accounting for the majority of cases. Consequently, there has been hue and cry from church leaders, teachers and parents alike about the increasingly male adolescent problematic behaviour. This public discourse points to a society seeking to find answers and possible solutions to maladaptive behaviour. However, paternal role has been kept out of this discussion yet they could be the missing link in addressing maladaptive behaviour. The objective of the study was to determine paternal involvement practices in relation to the male adolescents in the Catholic Archdiocese of Kisumu, Kenya. The study was anchored on three theoretical frameworks namely Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological systems, Bowenian Family systems and Bandura’s Social Learning theories and adopted a parallel concurrent mixed methods approach. The target population were fathers who are members of the Catholic Men’s Association with male adolescents aged 13-15 years old. Simple random sampling was used to identify parishes to draw respondents from while purposive sampling was used to sample fathers with 13-15-year-old sons. Quantitative data was collected from 325 fathers using standardized questionnaires while qualitative data was collected from fathers using a semi structured focus group guide in 4 discussions. Using SPSS version 29, quantitative data was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis while thematic content analysis was used for qualitative data. Interpretation combined quantitative and qualitative data. The study established that the fathers had a moderate level of parental consistency, coercive parenting, positive encouragement and parent-child relationship. In addition, fathers were moderately adjusted to their parenting role, family relationships and parental teamwork. Most fathers focused on the economic aspect of their paternal roles at the expense of emotional and mental aspects. The major recommendation from the study is the need for enhancement of paternal education to improve effective involvement with male adolescents to prevent maladaptive behaviours.