Prevalence of periodontal diseases and correlations with risk factors among a sample of Yemeni people: cross-sectional study

There is a worldwide increase in individuals suffering ≥2 chronic diseases (multimorbidity), and the cause of combinations of conditions remains largely unclear. This pilot study analysed the prevalence of periodontal disease (PD) among (multi)-morbid patients at the outpatient clinic of internal medicine. PD is an inflammatory disease of the tooth supporting tissues and has a negative impact on the overall health. Data were obtained from 345 patients, on demographics, systemic conditions and presence of PD. The possible differences in the distribution of PD status among patients with/without multimorbidity and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) disease chapters were explored. In total, 180 (52.2%) patients suffered from multimorbidity. The prevalence of severe PD was 16.2%, while the prevalence of mild and severe PD combined (Total PD) was 53.6%. Patients with disease chapter cardiovascular diseases (CVD) had a significantly higher prevalence of severe PD (odds ratio (OR) 2.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25, 4.33) and Total PD (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.04, 2.50) than patients without CVD. After subsequent analyses, myocardial infarction was significantly associated with severe PD (OR: 4.68 (95% CI; 1.27 to 17.25)). Those suffering from multimorbidity showed to have a non-significant increased risk for severe (OR 1.27; 95% CI 0.69, 2.34) or Total PD (OR 1.23; 95% CI 0.81, 1.88). In conclusion, PD is highly prevalent in multimorbidity patients. Furthermore, PD was significantly prevalent in patients with CVD. However, larger epidemiological studies are necessary to confirm that the prevalence of PD is significantly increased among multimorbid patients.

Periodontal diseases in the Australian adult population

Frequent professional scaling and regular tooth brushing are the main public health measures available for preventing and controlling periodontal disease but their frequency and efficacy are still incompletely understood. This investigation was carried out on 1,416 rural children and 189 factory workers in Lucknow area in the age groups 14 +/- 1, 17 +/- 1 and 28 +/- 2 years of age to evaluate the optimum requirement of these measures to the extent they will be economical and usable in the public health programs. The prevalence of gingivitis and periodontal disease in Lucknow children and adult samples was found to vary between 93 to 100%. Periodontal disease (including gingivitis and loss of attachment) and calculus accumulation showed considerable reduction (P less than 0.01) with any type of treatment. Scaling alone will not reduce the plaque formation for which regular tooth brushing is essential. Yearly and half-yearly scaling along with tooth brushing instructions will considerably improve and maintain the oral hygiene thereby reducing the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease, plaque, and calculus accumulations. However, more intensive measures (quarterly prophylaxis) will further improve the periodontal health and reduce calculus accumulation. The apical migration of the epithelial attachment can practically be stopped by rendering scaling half yearly, without any instructions in oral hygiene and elimination of dental plaque.

To evaluate the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases between osteoporotic and nonosteoporotic subjects. The study population included 140 subjects (70 osteoporotic and 70 nonosteoporotic) age group of 35-70 years. Skeletal (calcaneal) bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by quantitative ultrasound technique (QUS) for T score values. Periodontal status was examined by plaque index (PI), bleeding index, probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level. Digital panoramic and intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPA) were taken with fixed reference point for evaluation of bone interdental alveolar bone loss (ABL). The recorded data for T score, interdental ABL and periodontal status were subjected to statistical analysis for correlation and regression procedure. The prevalence of the periodontal diseases, in osteoporotic group 120 (54.5%) were with periodontitis and in nonosteoporotic group 100 (50%) were with periodontitis. Correlation of T score with age, PI, gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and ABL in nonosteoporotic group was found statistically not significant. The age was (r = -0.052) indicating positive association with weak correlation, The PI is (r 0.060) indicating positive association, the GI was (r = -0.053) indicating negative association with weak correlation, the PPD was (r = 0.070) indicating positive association with weak correlation, the CAL was (r = 0.133) indicating positive association with weak correlation, ABL was (r 0.027) indicating positive association with weak correlation. Calcaneal BMD was related to ABL and, to a less extent, to CAL, implicating osteoporotic subjects are at high risk indicator for periodontal diseases. Even though the pathogenesis of periodontitis and osteoporosis differs; these diseases have several common risk factors. Both may have a additive impact on patients, which requires concomitant medical and dental management which mandates simultaneous diagnosis of both. How to cite this article: Manjunath SH, Rakhewar P, Nahar P, et al. Evaluation of the Prevalence and Severity of Periodontal Diseases between Osteoporotic and Nonosteoporotic Subjects: A Cross-sectional Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(10):1223-1228.

The prevalence of oral diseases has been increasing alarmingly in the state of Kerala. Screening for periodontal disease (PD) is crucial due to its negative impact on oral and overall health. Since the occurrence and severity of PD depend on its risk factors, a structured survey in randomly selected districts in the state can be a valuable tool for policymakers to envisage strategies to enhance oral health care and control shared systemic illnesses. Data on the prevalence and risk factors of PD among the residents of the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala is not currently available in the public domain. This data could also be representative of the other 13 districts with more or less similar topographical, cultural, and lifestyle characteristics. To study the prevalence of PD and its risk factors among the residents of the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala and to compare the urban-rural differences. In this community-based cross-sectional study, a multistage cluster random sampling method was used to select the participants. Among the 1285 participants, 560 were from urban areas, and 725 were from rural areas. A modification of the Ramfjord PD index was used to assess periodontal health. The epidemiological risk factors were evaluated using sociodemographic data, personal histories, and physical and biochemical parameters. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the relationship of PD with independent variables. Mediation analysis was performed to examine the mediating effects of independent factors. The rural population (61.4%) had a higher frequency of PD than the urban (35.5%) and an overall prevalence of 50%. Aging, poor oral hygiene, and low educational level (EL) were significant risk factors for PD in urban and rural settings, with hypertension only being significant in the latter. A higher odds ratio (9.07-29.68) with a confidence interval of (5.45-48.94) for poor oral hygiene was noted. Poor oral hygiene and tobacco use had mediating effects between low EL and PD. In this study, the overall prevalence of PD was 50%, with the rural population being more afflicted. Poor oral hygiene has been identified as a modifiable risk factor for PD in urban and rural populations. Poor oral hygiene and tobacco use have been demonstrated to be mediators of the strong link between low EL and PD. Therefore, this study reiterates the need for better oral health awareness and treatment facilities to minimize the impact of the above risk factors on the periodontium. A shared risk relationship between PD and hypertension in the rural population emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to public health by including oral health as part of noncommunicable disease prevention and intervention programs.

Background: The use toothbrush and paste are the most common means of oral prophylaxis in Nigeria and how the frequency of this prophylaxis affects the prevalence of periodontal disease has not been fully ascertained. Aim: This study aims to assess if frequency of self-oral hygiene prophylaxis in a day, using the toothbrush and paste, had any relationship on the prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases, using the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Methods: A cross-sectional study of 894 subjects (428 males and 466 females), who reported for the first time at the Dental Centre, of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, were examined. Only those that used toothbrush and paste once or twice daily, as the only oral hygiene method and were 18 years and above of age, were selected and investigated. Results: 58.3% of the entire subjects surveyed and 63.1% of male subjects indicated twice-daily oral prophylaxis when compared to 53.9% of female subjects. There was a statistical significant difference in the distribution of subjects with respect to occupation, between the two groups. This difference was most marked among the professional subgroup as compared to other subgroups. There was a statistical significant difference in the prevalence of periodontal diseases as indicated by CPITN scores. The group that performed oral prophylaxis twice daily had a higher proportion of those with CPITN codes 0 and 1 whereas codes 3 and 4 were more predominant with the group that perform oral prophylaxis once daily. Conclusion: The distribution of CPITN scores had a relationship with the frequency of daily oral hygiene practices. In view of the results of this study, it is suggested that some form of preventive oral hygiene programs be embarked on where emphasis is placed on regular and higher frequency of tooth brushing.

periodontitis is the sixth leading long-term complication of diabetes mellitus which can impair diabetic patients' metabolic control. Patients with both diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease present with the challenge of managing these two chronic diseases, each of which may impact the other. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence of periodontitis and oral hygiene practices among diabetic and non-diabetic patients attending a large tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. this was a cross-sectional comparative study involving 110 diabetics and 110 non-diabetic patients aged 40 years and above. They were recruited from the diabetes and general medical out-patient clinics respectively in a large tertiary hospital in Lagos using a systematic sampling method. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. In addition, blood tests for glycated haemoglobin and oral examination using a simplified periodontal examination were conducted. The prevalence and severity of periodontitis and oral hygiene practices were compared between both groups. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS version 21 Software. the prevalence of periodontitis was higher among the diabetics 100 (90.9%) compared to the non-diabetic patients 79 (71.8%), and this was statistically significant (p<0.001). Severity of periodontitis among both groups was also statistically high 54 (49.1%) vs. 35 (31.8%) p<0.001. the prevalence of periodontitis was higher and more severe among diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Oral hygiene practices in both groups are not statistically significant p>0.05. Oral health education programs targeted at diabetic patients should be carried out to prevent and control periodontitis.

Background:Periodontal disease prevalence in children is an indicator of future disease burden in the adult population. Knowledge about the prevalence and risk status of periodontal disease in children can prove instrumental in the initiation of appropriate preventive and therapeutic measures.Aim:This school-based cross-sectional survey estimated the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease among 15–17-year-old children in Kozhikode district and assessed the risk factors.Materials and Methods:Multistage stratified random sampling and randomized cluster sampling were used in the selection of schools and study participants, respectively, in three educational districts of Kozhikode. Periodontal disease was assessed among 2000 school children aged 15–17 years, by community periodontal index. A content validated questionnaire was used to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics and other risk factors.Results:The prevalence of periodontal disease was estimated as 75% (72% gingivitis and 3% mild periodontitis). The prevalence was higher in urban population (P = 0.049) and males had significantly (P = 0.001) higher prevalence. Lower socioeconomic strata experienced slightly more periodontal disease burden. Satisfactory oral hygiene practices (material and frequency) were observed, but oral hygiene techniques were erroneous. Unhealthy dental treatment-seeking practices and unfavorable attitude toward dental treatment (ATDT) significantly influenced periodontal health status. Overall awareness about dental treatment was poor in this study population.Conclusion:The prevalence of periodontal disease among 15–17-year-old school children in Kozhikode district is 75% and is influenced by sociodemographic characteristics. Other risk factors identified were unhealthy dental treatment-seeking practices and unfavorable ATDT. Implementation of well-formulated oral health education programs is thus mandatory.

Cross-sectional studies

BackgroundPeriodontal disease during adolescence is increasingly recognised as a public health concern due to its high global prevalence and long-term health implications. Despite this, no large-scale studies have assessed its burden among adolescents in Palestine. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of periodontal diseases among 9th-grade students in the northern West Bank and examine its association with key behavioural and socioeconomic factors.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 3,352 15-year-old students, selected through stratified proportional random sampling from governmental and private schools. Periodontal health was assessed using the WHO Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs, and oral hygiene status was measured with the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index. Participants also completed a structured questionnaire that assessed their socioeconomic status, oral hygiene practices, dietary habits, and smoking habits. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multivariate logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of periodontal diseases was 86.8% among the participating students. Gingival bleeding affected 44.6% of the sample, and calculus was present in 42.2%. Brushing frequency and oral hygiene status were identified as the most significant predictors that greatly increased the risk of periodontal disease, with Adjusted Odds Ratios of 2.05 and 1.6, respectively. Using medium-bristled toothbrushes was a protective factor for the likelihood of having healthy gums (AOR = 1.79). Frequent fish consumption also had a protective association (AOR = 2.04). Conversely, smoking water pipes was negatively associated with periodontal health (AOR = 0.63), indicating a higher risk of disease among users.ConclusionThis study revealed a high prevalence of early periodontal disease among 9th-grade students in the northern governorates of the West Bank, with only 13.2% exhibiting healthy gingiva. Several modifiable determinants—such as oral hygiene practices, toothbrush type, dietary habits, and water-pipe smoking—were significantly associated with periodontal health. Addressing these determinants is critical to preventing disease development and reducing its progression in this age group. Therefore, implementing structured, school-based educational programs tailored to these determinants is strongly recommended.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-025-07083-y.

Genetic variations may act as protective or risk factors for certain conditions, including periodontitis. The ABO blood type system has significance beyond transfusion and transplantation, as it determines many of the digestive and immunological characteristics of the body. The dominant aetiology of most periodontal diseases are bacteria, but studies show that genetic factors also have a major role in periodontal diseases and possibly a major contributor to different prevalence rates of this condition among various groups. Aim: The present study was conducted to determine whether there is any correlation between periodontal diseases and ABO blood groups and Rh factor. Material and methods: This study was carried out on 150 subjects attending Faculty of Dental Sciences OPD in Al badar rural dental and hospital, kalaburagi. Subjects were divided into three groups: group I (healthy subjects), group II (subjects with gingivitis), and group III (subjects with periodontitis) based on periodontal examination (Gingival index, Bleeding Index, Probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level). ABO Blood grouping were done and correlated with the periodontal status of study subjects. Results: In this study, there was a greater prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis in blood group B. The blood group AB showed the least prevalence of periodontal diseases. Similarly gingivitis and peridontitis were significantly higher among Rhesus positive groups when compared with Rhesus negative groups. Conclusion: Significant correlation between the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease and blood groups existed in this study. This broad correlation between periodontal disease and ABO blood group points toward the susceptibility of subjects with certain blood groups to periodontal disease. However, long-term studies with greater sample size are required to make more comprehensive assessment of this association.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis among an adult male population in Benin City, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The drivers of a private motor transport company whose head office is in Benin City constituted the study participants. Data collection was through an interview-administered questionnaire and periodontal examination. Periodontal disease was assessed using community periodontal index while demographic characteristics, social habits and oral hygiene habits were elicited using interview-administered questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis was 75.4% and 15.4% respectively. The prevalence of periodontitis was higher among older participants, those of lower educational attainment and longer driving experience, those that indulged in only once-daily teeth cleaning, tobacco users, regular alcohol and kolanut consumers. Conclusion: The prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis in this study was similar to previous reports in Nigeria. The prevalence was higher in relation to the risk factors considered in this study thereby necessitating the need for an awareness campaign to enlighten the public about the harmful effects of tobacco, kolanut and alcohol on periodontal health. This study is also recommended among a larger number of people.

La mujer embarazada adolescente es susceptible a padecer enfermedades periodontales, evidenciando que requiere más cuidados que generen hábitos correctos de salud. La movilidad y perdida de piezas dentales junto con las enfermedades periodontales son las afecciones más comunes en la población, manifestando que la prevalencia de enfermedades periodontales en mujeres adolescentes embarazadas es un tema poco indagado y de escasa atención. Se busca determinar la prevalencia de gingivitis y periodontitis que afectan la salud bucodental en mujeres adolescentes embarazadas. Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos tipo transversal en buscadores como Google Scholar, Elsevier, PubMed, Scielo Y Medline del 2010 al 2020 en español e inglés. La prevalencia en embarazadas adolescentes en Latinoamérica es de un 28,8% considerándose alta, de estas un 7.39% destacan en embarazos pubertos de 12 a 15 años con mayor frecuencia mientras que la prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal y gingival en embarazadas es del 81%, Constatando que un 47,66% poseen una escasa percepción en la salud bucodental durante el embarazo. La presencia de enfermedad periodontal constituye un factor de riesgo para el embarazo, evidenciándose en el momento del parto provocando partos prematuros, abortos, y bebés con bajo peso y talla al nacer. Palabras clave: Salud oral; Embarazo; Adolescentes; Enfermedad Periodontal.

<em>Smoking is an important factor in periodontitis. Many studies have found that active smoking is closely associated with the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of smoking with the prevalence of periodontal disease.<strong>Material &amp; Methods: </strong></em><em>A Cross- sectional descriptive study was conducted over a period of 6 months from Oct 2018 to March 2019, in the Dental Department of Services Hospital Lahore. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board/ Committee of Services Hospital Lahore.</em><em> Informed consent was taken from the patients. A total of 500 smokers were selected through questioning during screening from the population of patients presenting to outdoor/ diagnosis department. The smokers underwent a further detailed periodontal examination and were screened for the presence of periodontal disease. They were also cross questioned to rule out other causative factor related to periodontitits such as poor oral hygiene and diabetes.<strong>Conclusion and Clinical Significance: </strong>Smoking is a significant risk factor for impaired periodontal health. This needs to be considered before treatment planning for good prognosis and affective results of the provided treatment. Hence this habit must be diagnosed during history taking, evaluation and patient should be instructed to minimize and ultimately stop cigarette smoking for best treatment outcome. </em> <strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> Smoking; periodontitis; periodontal disease; risk factor.</em>

ABSTRACTBackground/objectivesThe objective was to study the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in type II DM patients in Gulbarga, Karnataka, India.Materials and MethodsA total of 100 type II DM patients and 100 nondiabetic patients with age group of 35 to 75 years were examined. The study group was divided into well, moderate and poorly controlled diabetes based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels. Information regarding age, oral hygiene habits, personal habits, diabetic status and mode of diabetic therapy was obtained. Community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) was used to assess the periodontal status. The results were statistically evaluated.ResultsThe mean CPITN score and the number of missing teeth was higher in diabetics compared to nondiabetics and was statistically significant (p = 0.05). The prevalence of periodontal disease was found to be more frequent and severe in diabetic patients as compared to nondiabetics. The risk factors like glycated hemoglobin HbA1C, duration of diabetes, personal habits and oral hygiene habits showed a positive correlation with periodontal destruction, whereas mode of diabetic therapy showed negative correlation with the periodontal status.ConclusionDiabetic patients showed higher prevalence and severity of periodontal disease compared to nondiabetics.How to cite this articlePatil VA, Shivaraya R, Desai MH. Prevalence and Severity of Periodontal Disease in Type II Diabetes Mellitus (Noninsulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus) Patients in Gulbarga, Karnataka, India: An Epidemiological Study. J Contemp Dent 2013;3(1):32-35.