Prevalence of occlusal deviations and orthodontic treatment in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort of 1986.

Objective The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of malocclusion traits and the extent of orthodontic treatment in a Finnish adult population. Materials and methods The study population comprised subjects (n = 1964) from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 living in the city of Oulu and within 100 km of it. A clinical oral and dental examination with registration of occlusion was carried out in 2012 in connection with a 46-year follow-up survey. Data on previous orthodontic treatment were collected based on a questionnaire. Results In the clinical examination, 39.5% of the subjects had at least one malocclusion trait. The most common malocclusion traits were lateral crossbite (17.9%), overbite ≥ 6 mm (11.7%) and overjet ≥ 6 mm (9.7%). Crossbite on the left premolars, negative overjet and increased overbite were found more frequently in men. The prevalence of malocclusion traits was at the same level in treated and untreated groups. Overall, 18.6% of the subjects had undergone orthodontic treatment. Women showed a significantly higher prevalence of orthodontic treatment. Conclusions The most common malocclusion trait in the present study was lateral crossbite. Significant male dominance in the prevalence of malocclusion was observed, which has not been reported earlier in Finland. Orthodontic treatment of malocclusion traits was more common among females in Northern Finland. This study indicates that orthodontic treatment provided in childhood was, on average, adequate in reducing malocclusion traits to the level observed in the general population.

To analyse the associations between the widths and forms of dental arches, malocclusions and crowding in middle-aged adult population. The study material is part of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966); the subjects were examined at the age of 46years. A total of 781 adults with full dentition and no orthodontic treatment history were included. Overjet, overbite, cross-bite and scissor bite were examined during clinical examination. The widths and forms of dental arches, molar relationships and crowding were measured using three-dimensional (3D) dental models. Dental arches were significantly larger in males than in females. Class II (CII) occlusion and increased overjet (≥6mm) were associated with narrow maxilla (P<.001, P<.05 respectively). Subjects with lateral cross-bite had significantly narrower maxilla and wider mandible (P<.05) than subjects with normal lateral occlusion. In subjects with CII occlusion, square or tapered maxilla and tapered or ovoid mandible were significantly more frequent compared to subjects with Class I (CI) occlusion (P<.05). CII occlusion was significantly associated with crowding in the maxilla (P<.01). Narrow and tapered-shaped maxilla was related to CII occlusion, which was associated with dental crowding in the maxilla. Malocclusions were more likely to be found together with other malocclusions than alone.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate gender-specific associations of different malocclusion traits with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among Finnish adults. The study material comprised 1885 subjects from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. A clinical oral examination including registration of occlusion was carried out in connection with a 46-year follow-up examination. The 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) was used to measure OHRQoL. Subgroups with increased/decreased overjet, deep bite, open bite, lateral crossbite, and scissor bite were selected for further analysis. Subjects with normal occlusion were selected to form the normal occlusion group. Differences between subgroups and the normal occlusion group were evaluated for both genders separately. Education, number of teeth, caries, and orthodontic treatment history were chosen as confounding variables. Multivariate Poisson regression analyses were conducted to assess the effect of independent variables on OHRQoL. After adjustments, decreased overjet, open bite, and scissor bite were associated with higher OHIP severity in women (P < 0.01). In men, deep bite was associated with higher OHIP severity (P = 0.007). Different malocclusion traits had associations with some OHIP dimension either in men or women. Orthodontic treatment history had a positive effect on OHRQoL in both genders. The associations of malocclusion traits with OHRQoL differed between genders, with women reporting more impacts. Deviations from normal occlusion were generally found to have a negative impact on OHRQoL, but most of the adults with malocclusion seem to adapt to their condition.

Objective To determine the anterior Bolton ratio for a Finnish adult population and to investigate its associations with overjet. Material and methods This study is part of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Clinical oral investigations, including three-dimensional intraoral scanning and registration of occlusion, were performed in connection with the 46-year follow-up for 1,961 subjects. Subjects with normal occlusion (n = 149), extreme overjet ≥ 8 mm (n = 49), large overjet 6–7 mm (n = 86), and negative overjet (n = 16) and no orthodontic treatment history were selected for further analysis. The mesiodistal widths were measured from canine to canine to evaluate the anterior Bolton ratio. Results A mean anterior Bolton ratio of 78.6 (SD 3.1) was found for the normal occlusion group. Subjects with extreme overjet had smaller Bolton ratios compared to the normal occlusion group and the negative overjet group (p = .005, p = .019, respectively). Overjet deviations were associated with upper canine and incisor widths. Conclusions The mean anterior Bolton ratio in subjects with normal occlusion was larger compared to the original Bolton ratio. Tooth size discrepancy was associated with extreme and negative overjet at population level.

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between self-perceived orthodontic treatment need, satisfaction with dental esthetics and occlusion, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), occlusal deviations, and orthodontic treatment history of 17-year-olds.Material and methodsClinical examination and standardized questionnaire were completed by 108 adolescents from two municipal clinics. OHRQoL was measured with the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and malocclusion severity using the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index. Associations between the variables were analyzed with Spearman’s rank correlation and linear regression.ResultsOf the participants, 55% had either undergone orthodontic treatment or were in treatment. The level of self-perceived treatment need was low and satisfaction with esthetics and functionality of occlusion high. Painful aching in the mouth was the most reported OHIP item, followed by self-consciousness. Subjective treatment need and PAR correlated positively (rs(95) = 0.389, p < 0.001), whereas the OHIP score and PAR score showed no association. Subjective treatment need, satisfaction, or treatment history did not predict the OHIP score.ConclusionsMajority of the adolescents were satisfied with their dental esthetics and occlusal function irrespective of past orthodontic treatment history. OHRQoL was poorer in adolescents with subjective orthodontic treatment need. Those with the greatest subjective treatment need had the most severe malocclusion.

BackgroundA growing number of Chinese residents are seeking orthodontic treatment. The aim of the study was to investigate rates of orthodontic publicity, orthodontic treatment history and related factors among college freshmen in China, to preliminarily understand the current situation of orthodontic publicity and treatment in China, especially after the 2020s.MethodsReferred to previous studies, a self-designed online questionnaire of Chinese college freshmen was conducted. The questionnaire was divided into two parts, after collecting basic information, we investigated orthodontic publicity rate and orthodontic treatment history with starting age, relapse phenomenon, satisfaction score and willingness to re-treatment. Factors hindering first-time and second-time treatment were also collected. The statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test, t-test, Kruskal–Wallis test and logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe response rate was 100% and 3308 responses were included. The male to female ratio was 1524:1784 with a mean age of 18.43 years (SD 0.91 years). Statistically significant of economic administrative regions, age, major and orthodontics engagement of relatives or friends were found on prevalence and rate of orthodontic treatment (P < 0.05). Average opinion on orthodontic treatment was “satisfied” and most claimed a phenomenon of relapse (slight relapse: 38.22%, obvious relapse: 23.12%), where age, major and orthodontics engagement of relatives or friends showed statistically significant. Retreatment willingness was correlation with start age and relapse phenomenon. For those who refused first-time treatment, except for good tooth arrangement condition, pain, long-time span, and cost weighted, while for those who refused re-treatment, the fair of discomfort and long-time span ranked at the top.ConclusionsIn contemporary China, the prevalence and rate of orthodontic treatment had been greatly promoted. Earlier age for receiving orthodontic treatment was also discovered. Subjective factors regarding psychology, self-requirement affected the need of orthodontic treatment. Contemporary Chinese college freshmen had a high ability of judging dental alignment, while improve of overall orthodontic care level is still required.

Prevalence of and risk factors for alveolar fenestration and dehiscence in the anterior teeth of Chinese patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the types of orthodontic treatment provided by Indonesian orthodontists and to analyse their perspectives on the ideal time to initiate orthodontic treatment.Materials and MethodsA cross‑sectional survey was conducted using the Google Drive questionnaire template. This electronic questionnaire was sent to a sample of orthodontists across different regions of Indonesia. The participants were asked to report the stage at which they would start orthodontic treatment, as well as answer questions about occlusal abnormalities and functional problems. Descriptive statistics for all variables were determined, including both practice characteristics and orthodontic treatment timing.ResultsA total of 152 orthodontists agreed to participate in the study, of which 64.5% were female and 35.5% were male. Indonesian orthodontists prefer two-phase orthodontic treatment. Sucking habits and open bite were found to be the most frequent indications for treatment in the primary dentition. Anterior crossbite was found to be the most frequent indication for treatment during the early mixed dentition stage. Severe Class II was found to be the most frequent indication for treatment during the late mixed dentition stage. Indonesian orthodontists are more concerned about impacted canines and midline diastema than other occlusal deviations in the permanent dentition.ConclusionBased on the results of this study, we can conclude that Indonesian orthodontists favor two-phase orthodontic treatment. They also prefer to treat sucking habits and open bite in the primary dentition, anterior crossbite in the early mixed dentition, and severe Class II during the late mixed dentition stage.

Background: This study analyzed, in patients with periodontitis, the impact of the degree of self-perceived malocclusion, the experienced negative psychosocial impact of periodontitis, and the history and timing of orthodontic treatment. Methods: For the study were enrolled 54 patients undergoing a routine dental health visit. They answered the Negative Impact of Dental Aesthetics Scale (NIDAS), the Perception of Occlusion Scale (POS). Moreover, undergoes to the Approximal Plaque Index (API), the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), and the number of decayed teeth (DT) and missing teeth (MT). All data were analyzed using different statistical procedures. Results: The subjects ranging within the upper POS quartile scored higher on the GBI (contrast: P= 0.037) and DT (P= 0.028) than did those in the lower POS quartiles. Different to the patients who had minor negative impacts in the NIDAS, those with strong impacts had higher scores on the API (P<005). Compared to patients without previous orthodontic treatment, those with a history of orthodontic treatment lasting 24 months had a lower API (P <0.05), GBI and DT (each P = 0.008) scores. Conclusion: The present results suggest that self-perceived dental irregularity and the negative impact of periodontitis might affect oral health, whereas previous extensive orthodontic treatment may have favourable effects by improving dental health compliance.

The early treatment of nonskeletal and skeletal orthodontic anomalies in the deciduous and early mixed dentition is intended to prevent the development of pronounced anomalies in the late mixed and permanent dentition with the ultimate aim of reducing or even eliminating the need for later orthodontic treatment. There is a general consensus in the international literature that early therapy is indicated in cases of anterior and lateral crossbite and Class III malocclusion, and possibly for extreme forms of mandibular retrognathism (overjet > or =10 mm) and of open bite. However, evidence of the efficiency of early orthodontic measures is just as rare as studies providing serviceable information on the incidence of tooth malalignments and malocclusions in the deciduous and early mixed dentition, some of whose findings are in any case highly divergent. This makes it substantially more difficult to draw conclusions on the extent to which early orthodontic therapy may be indicated. In order to obtain information on the incidence of nonskeletal and skeletal orthodontic problems constituting a treatment need, 2326 first-year schoolchildren aged between 6 and 7 years were examined in Frankfurt am Main and in the Rural District of Offenbach. In only 14.7% of the children were no relevant orthodontic findings recorded. 77.2% displayed mild to severe dysgnathic symptoms, though without early orthodontic therapy being considered indicated. Treatment with orthodontic appliances was considered urgent for 187 of the children (8.04%). With 8.3% and 7.9% respectively, lateral and anterior crossbite were top of the list of anomalies with an urgent treatment need. Among the patients with lateral crossbite, the prognostically less favorable unilateral form was recorded approximately four times more often than the bilateral form. Markedly increased sagittal overjet > or =10 mm) was registered in only 1.4% of the children, and negative overjet (Class III) (with the exception of edge-to-edge bite) in 1.9%. Extreme anterior open bite > or =6 mm) was recorded in only two children (0.09%). In 19.6% of the children, a supporting zone was reduced in at least one quadrant, necessitating interceptive measures such as the insertion of a space maintainer or later orthodontic treatment (space opening or extraction therapy).

Bottle-feeding and malocclusion: Is there an association?

Objective:This study explored the association between history of orthodontic treatment and changes in self-esteem among British adolescents.Design:Birth cohort study.Setting:United Kingdom.Participants:Data from 2600 participants of the British Cohort Study were analysed.Methods:Participants completed the Lawrence Self-Esteem Questionnaire (LAWSEQ) at the ages of 10 and 16 years. The change in LAWSEQ score over six years was the outcome. Participants were divided into two groups according to parental reports of orthodontic treatment at the same ages. The association between history of orthodontic treatment and six-year changes in LAWSEQ score was tested in linear regression models adjusting for demographic factors (adolescents’ sex and ethnicity), family socioeconomic status (parental social class and mothers’ education), perceived orthodontic treatment need and baseline LAWSEQ score.Results:According to parental reports, 8% of participants had a history of orthodontic treatment. The mean LAWSEQ score at baseline was 13.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.6–13.9) and increased significantly over time by 1.7 units (95% CI 1.5–1.9). Orthodontic treatment history was positively, albeit not significantly, associated with change in LAWSEQ score (coefficient: 0.08, 95% CI –0.56 to 0.72). The direction of the association reversed but remained non-significant after adjustment for all confounders (coefficient: –0.19; 95% CI –0.68 to 0.30). Improvements in self-esteem were positively associated with mothers’ education (coefficient: 0.85; 95% CI 0.09–1.61) and negatively associated with self-esteem at baseline (coefficient –0.79; 95% CI –0.82 to –0.75).Conclusion:This six-year longitudinal study provided no evidence for an association between history of orthodontic treatment and changes in self-esteem during adolescence.

BackgroundIrregular use of oral healthcare is associated with oral disease burden, leading to poorer oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). There is evidence suggesting an association between dental care visits or access and OHRQoL. However, no studies have assessed the relationship of use of oral healthcare services on OHRQoL in countries where universal health coverage, including oral health, has been prioritized. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether choosing either public or private oral healthcare service mediates the association between oral health treatment need and OHRQoL. Another aim was to compare the difference in treatment need between two cohorts born 20 years apart.MethodsThis study utilized the data of two birth cohorts from the two northernmost provinces of Finland, the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) and the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986). A clinical oral examination was conducted when NFBC1966 were 45–46-year-olds (n = 1964), and NFBC1986 were 33–35-year-olds (n = 1807). Participants in both cohorts were asked to complete an oral health-related questionnaire before their clinical examination. A Structural Equation Model was employed to examine the impact of choosing either public or private oral healthcare services.ResultsAlmost half of the study participants in the older cohort and almost two-thirds of the participants in the younger cohort used private oral healthcare services. The younger cohort had a greater need for restorative treatment than the older cohort. In contrast, the need for extensive periodontal treatment was higher in the older cohort than in the younger cohort. Oral health treatment needs had a direct association with OHRQoL (β = 0.432, p < 0.001). Additionally, choosing public oral healthcare services also had a direct association with OHRQoL (β = 0.057, p = 0.014). There was no indirect association between choice of oral healthcare service and oral health treatment need and OHRQoL (β = 0.008, 95% CI: -0.022 to 0.029).ConclusionThe association between oral health treatment needs and OHRQoL persisted, independent of the relationship with Oral Healthcare Service choice. Additionally, younger cohorts exhibited a greater need for restorative treatment compared to older cohorts.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-025-07079-8.

The aim of this case-controlled study was to assess the effect of orthodontic treatment on the quality of life of Brazilian adolescents. Two hundred and seventy-nine 'cases' (106 males and 173 females) and 558 controls (246 males and 312 females) were randomly selected from 15- to 16-year-old adolescents attending all secondary schools in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. A case was defined as having at least one condition-specific impact (CSI) attributed to malocclusion during the previous 6 months, based on the Oral Impact on Daily Performances index. Conversely, a control was defined as having no CSI attributed to malocclusion during the same period. Adolescents were also clinically examined for orthodontic treatment need using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and asked about previous orthodontic treatment. Binary logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. Females and adolescents with a definite normative orthodontic treatment need were more likely to report CSI than males and adolescents with no normative need [odds ratio (OR) = 1.48, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) = 1.08-2.02 and OR = 2.02, 95 per cent CI = 2.09-4.47, respectively], whereas adolescents with a history of orthodontic treatment were less likely to report CSI than their counterparts (OR = 0.15, 95 per cent CI = 0.07-0.31). Furthermore, there was an interaction between a history of orthodontic treatment and the current level of normative need. Brazilian adolescents with a history of orthodontic treatment were less likely to have physical, psychological, and social impacts on their daily performances associated with malocclusion than those with no history of orthodontics. Gender was a confounding factor, whereas current level of normative orthodontic treatment need was an effect modifier. Prospective studies are needed to corroborate the present findings.

Occlusal anomalies in 451 Finnish undergraduates were recorded. Details of previous orthodontic treatment were obtained from a structured questionnaire. Forty two per cent of the subjects had at least one occlusal anomaly; crossbite (19%) and distal molar occlusion (15%) were most common. The incidence of mandibular overjet, anterior open bite and crossbite was higher among subjects with a history of orthodontic treatment. In males, orthodontic treatment was also related to increased frequency of extreme maxillary overjet and distal molar occlusion; there was more distal molar occlusion in males who had lost permanent teeth anterior to the first molars. The patterns of demand for orthodontic treatment differ in males and females. In cross-sectional investigation of young adults with a moderate number of extracted permanent teeth there was no correlation between the numbers of subjects with tooth loss and occurrence of occlusal anomalies. In studies of the frequency of occlusal anomalies, histories of previous orthodontic treatment of extraction of permanent teeth should be given consideration. Orthodontic treatment, even when successful, may not completely eliminate malocclusion traits to the extent that they would not be detected in epidemiological registration of malocclusion.