Prevalence of Malaria and its Association with ABO Blood Groups in District Battagram

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection and ABO blood group

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal mosquito-borne disease caused by protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. ABO blood group antigens represent polymorphic traits inherited among individuals and populations. Differences in blood group antigen expression can increase or decrease host susceptibility to many infections. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of malaria and its possible association with ABO blood group and hemoglobin level among individuals attending Mekaneeyesus Primary Hospital, Estie District, northwestern Ethiopia. Sociodemographic variables and relevant data were collected from 390 randomly selected individuals through structured questionnaire. Then, thick and thin smears were prepared from finger pricked blood samples, stained, and examined microscopically for detection and identification of malaria parasites. ABO blood group and hemoglobin levels of the same subjects were also determined. The data generated were analyzed for descriptive and logistic regression models. Variables with p value < 0.05 in multivariable logistic regression were considered explanatory variables. The overall prevalence of malaria was 8.5%; Plasmodium vivax (5.6%) was the most predominant, followed by P. falciparum (2.3%), and mixed infection of the two species (0.5%). In our study, being male (AOR = 3.48), under-five years of age (AOR = 72.84), rural residence (AOR = 2.64), and failing to use bed net (AOR =4.65) were significantly associated with the risk of malaria. Most (14.6%) of malaria-positive cases were among individuals with blood group "A," while the least numbers of cases were among subjects with blood group "O." Individuals with blood group "A" were about four times at risk of malaria as compared to individuals with blood group "O" (AOR= 3.74). The prevalence of anemia was 23.1% and significantly associated with malaria (p<0.05). Prevalence of malaria in this study is still higher compared to some of previous reports from Ethiopia. Thus, there is a need to intensify effort in malaria prevention among potentially at risk segments of population, including males, rural residents, and under-five children, and promotion of ITNs use in the community. Supplementation of iron-rich diet for iron-deficient anemia people is needed. Further in-depth investigation is also necessary to clearly establish the role that ABO blood group plays in malaria.

Background: The “ABO” blood group system is associated with some diseases including gastric and duodenal ulcer, hepatitis B1, vascular diseases, abdominal aortic aneurism, and cancers. Some epidemiological studies demonstrated the linkage among the “ABO” blood group and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Aims and Objective -This study aimed to find out the possible linkage between “ABO” and “Rhesus” blood groups with type 2 DM. Material and Methods: This study was carried out in Department of Physiology, Muzaffarnagar Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarnagar from April 2017 to June 2017. This study included total 1316 individuals in which 104 were diabetic patients, and 1212 individuals were non-diabetic apparently healthy controls. Diabetic patients were taken from diabetic outpatient clinics, and the controls were taken from healthy individuals coming for blood donation at blood bank of Muzaffarnagar Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarnagar. Standard slide agglutination test for the determination of ABO and Rh blood groups was used. Data thus obtained were analyzed by applying Chi-square test to determine any association between DM and different ABO and Rh blood groups. Data were expressed as percent and absolute number of frequency. Results: Increased frequency of blood group AB and blood group O (18.26% vs. 10.31%, 34.61% vs. 29.31%) were found in diabetes. On applying Chi-square test, statistically significant association was found between blood groups AB and O and DM (Chi-square value - 8.24, P < 0.04). Increased frequency of Rh positive blood group in diabetic (96.15% vs. 95.54%) but association between Rh blood group and diabetes was not statistically significant. (Chi-square value - 0.021, P = 0.88). Conclusion: Blood group might be a risk factor and it can be helpful for the evaluation of the disease.

Effect of abo blood type on ovarian reserve

Background. Determination of the various ABO/Rh blood group distributions and their association with malaria infection has paramount importance in the context of transfusion medicine and malaria control. Methods. Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June, 2015, to assess ABO/Rh blood groups distribution and their association with asymptomatic malaria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Blood grouping was done using monoclonal antibodies. Thin and thick blood films were examined for Plasmodium parasites. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results. A total of 416 blood donors participated with median age of 22 ± 0.29 (median ± standard error of the mean). Distribution of ABO phenotypes, in decreasing order, was O (175, 42.1%), A (136, 32.7%), B (87, 20.9%), and AB (18, 4.3%). Most of them were Rh+ (386, 92.8%). The overall malaria prevalence was 4.1% (17/416). ABO blood group is significantly associated with malaria infection (P = 0.022). High rate of parasitemia was seen in blood group O donors (6.899, P = 0.003) compared to those with other ABO blood groups. Conclusion. Blood groups O and AB phenotypes are the most and the least ABO blood groups, respectively. There is significant association between ABO blood group and asymptomatic malaria parasitemia.

Numerous studies have explored the potential connection between ABO blood groups and the risk of developing specific illnesses in the literature. This study aimed to examine the distribution of ABO blood and rhesus (Rh) groups among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center in Al-Zintan City, Libya. This cross-sectional study took place from October to December 2022, involving 144 blood samples (99 from diabetic patients and 45 from non-diabetic individuals aged 15 to 85 years). Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained from the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center in Al-Zintan, where all laboratory work and statistical analysis using SPSS were conducted. Of the diabetic patients, 46% were male and 53% were female. The test results showed no association between ABO and Rh blood groups in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Among diabetics, the O blood group was most prevalent at 49%, followed by A (34%), B (11%), and AB (5%). Rh+ was more common (n=88) than Rh- (n=11), with no significant difference (p=0.733). Gender distribution also showed no significant difference (p&gt;0.05). The O blood group was more common in females (55.10%) than males (44.90%), and the B blood group was found more often in females (72.73%) than in males (27.27%). This research shows no significant relationship between ABO and Rh blood types and diabetes mellitus occurrence among patients at the endocrinology and diabetes center in Al-Zintan City. Blood group variations do not influence diabetes prevalence or characteristics in this population.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose in circulation which result from insufficient insulin or insulin resistance. The blood group of an individual is thought to be genetically predetermined and plays a vital role in increasing susceptibility to DM for particular blood groups. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between ABO and Rhesus blood groups with type 2 DM. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 326 participants (163 type 2 DM patients and 163 age and sex-matched healthy individuals). Socio-demographic data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire while Clinical data were extracted from the patient chart. A blood sample was collected from each study participant for ABO and Rhesus blood grouping. Chi-square test, bivariable, and multivariable logistic regression analysis were employed to indicate the association between different blood group types and type 2 DM. The current result showed that blood group O had the highest frequency among all study participants followed by blood groups B, A, and AB. Blood groups B and A were more common in the type 2 DM group compared with the control group while blood groups O and AB were more frequent in the control group. A chi-square test indicated that the ABO blood group had a significant association with type 2 DM while the Rhesus blood group was not associated with type 2 DM. Moreover, logistic regression analysis showed that B and O blood groups had a significant association with type 2 DM while A and AB blood groups had no association. The findings of this study indicated that type 2 DM has an association with the ABO blood group and has no association with the Rhesus blood group. Individuals with blood group B have a higher risk of developing T2DM (type II DM) as compared to other ABO blood groups.

Objective: It is well known that ABO and Rh (Rhesus) blood groups vary with region and ethnicity, and this may also change temporarily. The ABO blood group appears to be a marker for various human diseases and also it has been suggested that it is associated with certain personality characteristics. We aimed to investigate the frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups and their relationship with some demographic characteristics and anthropometric parameters. Methods: ABO and Rh blood groups were determined among 7268 participants from the MASHAD cohort study and their relationship to some demographic, lifestyle characteristics and anthropometric parameters were evaluated. Results: The most common blood group was O (n=2457, 33.7%) followed by A (n=2196, 30.2%), B (n=2016, 27.7%) and AB (n=599, 8.2%). The prevalence of Rh positive and Rh negative subjects was 88.2% and 11.8%, respectively. There were no significant associations between ABO blood groups and demographic and anthropometric characteristics, apart from demi-span (half the distance between their hands outstretched to either side in cm) which was significantly associated with ABO blood groups (p=0.03) even after correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusion: Blood group may be associated with some anthropometric indices such as demi-span, although the reason for this association is still unclear.

ABO and Rh blood group systems have been associated with a number of diseases including type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Epidemiological studies have inconsistently associated ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups with T2DM risk. To assess the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among type-2 diabetic subjects and to check the potential association between ABO and Rh blood groups with T2DM. This small retrospective case-control study was conducted at DM WIMS Hospital, Wayanad. One-year data (from Jan-18 to Jan-19) of fasting, postprandial or random plasma/serum glucose, HbA1c, ABO and Rh blood groups of Non- diabetic and type -2 diabetic subjects were collected from the Hospital Clinical Laboratory Medicine department. Among 280 randomly selected data, 147 are non-diabetic subjects, and 133 are confirmed and known cases of type 2 diabetic mellitus. Subjects with Blood group B has the highest distribution percentage among group-2 (59.39%) in comparison with group-1 (34.02%), followed by A (19.55%), O (18.79%), AB (2.27%). Statistical analysis using Chi-square test among ABO and Rh blood groups between group-1 and group-2 showed a significant (p&lt; 0.001) association of blood group “B +ve” and least association of blood group “O +ve” with T2DM. However, the Rh Blood groups evaluation for T2DM showed no clear association, as both Rh +ve and Rh -ve were uniformly distributed in the groups. The ABO and Rh blood groups may have a possible role to play in the development of T2DM. The subjects with B + ve blood group are at greater risk for T2DM and O + ve blood group individuals are at lower risk for T2DM. Keywords: Blood groups; ABO blood groups; Rh blood groups; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; distribution; association REFERENCES

Dear Sir, The immune system and biological roles of blood groups are becoming focuses of interest, while the relevance of ABO blood groups in assessing the risk of many diseases has been investigated for years now. There is a proven association between ABO blood groups and diseases that leads to a shift of the coagulation balance toward thrombus formation. This has been demonstrated in a number of studies of venous thrombosis in non-OO blood group carriers with an increased level of von Willebrand's factor acting as a mediator of enhanced platelet adhesion and aggregation1,2. However, studies on arterial disease and myocardial infarction (MI) have yielded contradictory results, although an association of these processes with the ABO system is physiologically justified because the carbohydrate erythrocyte antigens are also found on platelets and vascular endothelium. Results of a meta-analysis by Clark and Wu, published in March 2011, indicate a very low impact of ABO blood groups on the risk of MI3. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ABO blood group genotypes and the three most common prothrombotic mutations (factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A - factor II and MTHFR C677T) on MI development in the Croatian population. This case-control study included 182 patients with acute MI and 236 healthy blood donors with no personal or family history of coronary artery disease or MI. Patients' blood samples were collected at Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre and control blood samples were collected at the Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine. The gender distribution in the group of patients was 63.2% male and 36.8% female (median age 64 years; 24.7% aged <55 years), while that in the control group was 52.5% male and 47.5% female (median age 38 years). All subjects were informed about the study and signed informed consent forms agreeing to participate in it. Following isolation of genomic DNA from EDTA blood samples (QiaAmp DNA Mini kit, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), ABO genotype was determined in both patients and controls by the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequence-specific primers. The presence of factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A and MTHFR C677T mutations was determined by the real-time PCR method on an AB 7500 real time PCR system using custom-made primers and probes (Applied Biosystems, Branchburg, New Jersey, United States of America). On statistical analysis, logistic regression with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and Fisher's exact test were used to assess the impact of ABO blood group genotype combinations and hereditary factors on the development of MI (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium). The results of ABO genotyping showed no statistically significant difference in the frequency of OO and non-OO genotype carriers between the group of patients who had had an acute MI and the control group (OR 1.41; 95% CI 0.94–2.11). Comparison of OO genotype and non-OO genotype carriers between MI patients and control subjects yielded a significantly higher OR in the O1A1 genotype carriers vs OO carriers (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.03–2.68; P <0.05); in O1A2 genotype carriers, the OR was 2.57 (95% CI 1.01–6.55), which did not reach statistical significance. Comparison of OO and non-OO blood group genotype carriers including heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations and homozygous carriers of MTHFR 677 TT mutation did not indicate an increased risk of MI. Statistically significant differences were obtained when comparing acute MI patients and the control group according to age and sex, i.e. males had a 1.5-fold greater risk of developing MI (P 55 years had a >20-fold greater risk (OR 21.1; 95% CI 12.64–35.23). In the Croatian population, group A is most common blood group (41%), followed by group O (39%), group B (15%) and then group AB as most infrequent (5%). In the present study, we did not demonstrate that particular non-OO genotypes were associated with different risks of MI compared with the OO genotype. Only the A1 allele had a modest effect on the occurrence of MI as compared with the OO genotype. Similar results indicating a weak correlation of coronary artery disease and MI as its complication in blood group A carriers have already been reported from some earlier studies. At the same time, some studies point to a higher prevalence of both A and B alleles in post-menopausal women and MI patients and some authors concluded that the B allele of the ABO blood group system represents an independent risk factor for MI3. In contrast to these suggested associations with blood group A, B or both alleles, other authors found no statistically significant association between non-OO blood group and arterial forms of cardiovascular disease (MI)4. As far as concerns the widely confirmed increased thrombotic risk in non-OO blood group carriers with venous thrombosis, most studies investigating the association of ABO blood group system and arterial disease have reported quite inconsistent results. Meta-analyses of these studies produced rather low OR (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.14–1.36) for MI, while A blood group yielded a OR of 1.29 (95% CI 1.16–1.45)1. The majority of retrospective studies found a weak, positive correlation between arterial disease and non-O blood group or A blood group, whereas prospective studies report no risk at all3. The results of our study appear to indicate that the genetic prothrombotic factors are not associated with an increased risk of MI. Many other studies also failed to demonstrate any significant association of MI with factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A polymorphisms5. Only a few studies have investigated an association of the MTHFR C677T variant and MI and failed to demonstrate such an association. Some studies report a stronger association of MI with factor V Leiden, and others with prothrombin G20210A, whereas meta-analyses show a modest association of factor V Leiden and FII G20210A mutations with arterial disease and MI. This association is generally stronger in younger patients and more common in women5. The limitations of our study are related to the lack of information on additional and environmental risk factors such as cigarette smoking, hypertension, body mass index, physical inactivity and hyperlipidaemia, considered as modifiable risk factors. Furthermore, the present study was quite small. On the other hand, the subjects included in the study were homogeneous for ethnicity, the patients were selected on the basis of a verified diagnosis, and the results are comparable to those of others studies because the variants of the genetic prothrombotic factors in the Croatian population do not differ significantly from those in other European nations. Considering that MI is a multifactorial disease, the development of the disease is likely to be influenced synergistically by a multitude of factors at lower intensity and further investigation is needed.

Objectives:Several studies have shown associations of ABO and Rh blood groups with various diseases; however, the relationship of ABO and Rh blood groups with rheumatic diseases are scarce. The aim of the present study was to examine whether there is an association between ABO and Rh blood groups and the types of rheumatic diseases.Method:In this multi-centre cross-sectional study, sociodemographic data, type of rheumatic disease, and type ABO and Rh blood groups were examined for patients with different rheumatic diseases.Results:A total of 304 patients; 207 (68.1%) were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, and 40 (13.2%) had systemic lupus erythematosus. The patients were assessed for blood types; 37.8% patients had A type, 27.6% had B type, 19.1% had O type, and 15.4% had AB type. The Rh (+) blood group was more prevalent (89.1%) than Rh (–). Blood group A was more prevalent in patients with rheumatic disease, followed by B, O, and AB respectively, although there was no significant difference in the distribution of ABO groups among rheumatic diseases. Female gender, smoking, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide are significantly different between the blood groups within rheumatic diseases.Conclusion:The A and Rh (+) blood groups were more commonly observed in patients with rheumatic diseases. There was lack of association between types of rheumatic diseases and ABO blood groups. The study provides knowledge for the interaction between ABO blood groups and several risk factors related to rheumatic diseases and may serve a guide for future clinical studies.

Association betweenABOblood groups and risk of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.

There are many systems which are used to classify blood group types in man, the most common types are MN, ABO and Rh blood group systems. Among the above mentioned types, ABO blood group system is most common which is used to classify blood group types. Austrian immunologist, Karl Landsteiner was the first person to give and describe the system in 1900 [1]. This system explains four types of blood groups which include A, B, AB and O [2]. These blood groups are made on the basis of presence or absence of special proteins found on erythrocytes (red blood cells) which are known as antigens. These antigens are A and B. Antigen production in the body starts before birth of a person and remains throughout life. Antigen production is under control of two genes IA and IB. People whose blood group is A have antigen A in their red blood cells. Persons which have blood group B have antigen B in their red blood cells. AB blood group has both the antigens A and B at the same time while blood group O is due to complete absence of any antigen. In emergency condition, when blood transfusion is required, the blood groups of donor and recipients are cross matched because there can be compatibility issues which can lead to deleterious consequences as red blood cells are attacked. This is due to the production of another type of protein naturally produced in a human body known as antibody. An antibody has capability to agglutinate the antigens found on red blood cells. Thus blood transfusion is a very serious process which needs to be done vigilantly. People who have blood group AB can receive blood from any other type so they are called universal donors. Similarly people with blood group O can donate blood to all types thus are called as universal donors. This blood group is also very common in entire world particularly in people of South and Central America. Blood group B is common in Asia specially North India. Blood group A is equally common in the world specially people of Australian Aboriginal origin. It has been reported that ABO blood group types are also present in Order primates of class mammalia and also in Old World Monkeys [3]. ABO antibodies are passively obtained from mother in children well before birth. Infants of three months age start making their own antibodies. Antibody formation is due to stimulus of contact with ABO like antigenic substances naturally [4].&#x0D; The second most common system to classify blood group types is Rh system [5]. This system was given by again Karl Landsteiner and A. S. Weiner in 1940. This type of system is also due to proteins present on red blood cells. Rh blood group system includes 49 defined antigens with 5 most common antigens including c, C, D and E [6]. Rh (D) is the most distinct antigen. It is main determinant of the trait. Rh positive and Rh negative are the two terms which refer only Rh (D). Antibody production due to Rh factor is a cause of hemolytic reaction in fetus and newborns. The name Rh is given due to use of blood of Rhesus monkeys to determine the presence of Rh antigen in basic test. Rh antigen can lead to deleterious effects in a person having blood group Rh negative if both the factors come in contact due to blood transfusion [7].

Aims: Antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity is a common finding in various autoimmune diseases, particularly those of rheumatologic origin. While ANA positivity alone may not be diagnostic, it serves as a valuable marker when supported by clinical findings, aiding in the diagnosis and prediction of autoimmune diseases. The relationship between blood group systems and various diseases has been an area of interest in medical research. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential association between ABO blood group and ANA positivity, specifically examining whether the ABO blood group status poses a risk for autoimmune diseases in individuals with rheumatologic conditions. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed the blood group data of 536 patients who tested positive for ANA and were receiving treatment for rheumatologic diseases. The blood group status of these individuals was determined using standard serologic techniques. The distribution of ABO and Rh factor blood groups among ANA-positive patients was compared with the blood group distribution in the general population. Statistical analysis was performed to assess any significant differences. Results: The analysis revealed that the distribution of ABO and Rh factor blood groups among ANA-positive individuals did not show a statistically significant difference compared to the general population. Specifically, there was no significant deviation in the prevalence of ABO blood groups (A, B, AB, O) or Rh factor (positive or negative) among ANA-positive patients compared to expected frequencies based on population data. Conclusion: Based on our findings, there appears to be no significant association between ABO blood group status and ANA positivity in patients with rheumatologic diseases. The distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among ANA-positive individuals closely resembled that of the general population. Therefore, our study suggests that current blood group status may not serve as a predictive factor for autoimmune diseases in individuals who test positive for ANA. Further research is warranted to explore other potential factors contributing to autoimmune disease susceptibility.

Background: A novel coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) discovered in China in December 2019 that has led to an unprecedented global pandemic. It causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), a respiratory illness with symptoms ranging from mild to severe with possible progression to pneumonia, multiple organ failure and even to death. Objectives: • To investigate the risk factors associated with COVID - 9 infections. • To investigate the occurrence and percentage of olfactory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 infection. • To investigate the relationship between ABO and Rh blood groups and covid-19 infection. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 400 persons presenting with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. These persons were admitted to Al Rabee hospital during a period from 1st June to 1st December 2020. ABO and Rh (D) blood groups test and covid-19 test were performed to all patients and control. COVID-19 test was confirmed by VIDAS methods. This study included 200 COVID-19 positive patients and 200 COVID-19 negative persons used as control. Results: Patients age ranged from 1 year to 80 years (mean age 54 years); the highest frequency of COVID-19 occurred in the age group (61-70) years. There were 120 (60%) males and 80 (40%) females with a ratio of 1.5:1. The most diffused risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection were older age, male sex and major comorbidities including (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory disease, obesity, smoking, chronic kidney disease, cancer, liver disease and malnutrition) 77% of patients reported olfactory dysfunction. The ABO blood group in 200 normal persons showed a distribution of 31%, 16%, 8% and 45% for A, B, AB and O, respectively vs. the ABO blood group in 200 COVID?19 positive patients showed a distribution of 46%, 18%, 9% and 27% for A, B, AB and O, respectively. ABO blood group was found to be significantly associated with COVID?19 status (P=0.001). The proportion of blood group A and O in COVID-19 patients were significantly higher and lower respectively than that in normal people (both P=0.001). No significant association was found between Rhesus negative (Rh-) blood group and occurrence of COVID-19 in present study. Conclusion: Our data found that the risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection were older age, male sex and comorbidities. And the risk of COVID-19 is higher with blood group A persons and lower with blood group O. Rhesus negative (Rh-) blood group associated with lower risk of COVID-19 illness.